The transfer is a phenomenon discovered by Sigmund Freud during its work on the Hystérie with Joseph Breuer. It made of it the pillar of the science which it founded then, the Psychanalyse.
It acts in the psychoanalytical Cure of the Projection, by analyzed, of the contents of the Inconscient on the person of the psychoanalyst who appears to him then equipped with qualities quite different from his reality. It is by the analysis of these projections that the analytical process will succeed, to the wire of time, with a progressive awakening of the problems with which analyzing is confronted.
The transfer according to Freud
As opposed to what one generally thinks, the concept of transfer was not invented by Freud but was taken again by him with researchers who tried to clarify what occurred in the training, that it acts of a task to reproduce or theoretical contents to integrate. By defining this concept of transfer, physiologists E.H. Weber (1834) then R. Kleinpaul (1884) highlighted the importance of the concept of representation in this effort of training.
A usual process in the human relations
While transposing the concept of transfer in the psychoanalytical cure, Freud initially seeks in the Études on hysteria to include/understand what resists among patients in the analytical cure, i.e. what prevents the patient from achieving the goal that it had set while coming to consult.
Freud recalls initially that the transfer that it detects in the psychoanalytical Cure is only one exacerbation of phenomena which one often meets in the everyday life: “faculty to concentrate libidineuse energy on people must be recognized with any normal man. The tendency to transfer which we met in the neuroses (…) constitute only one extraordinary exaggeration of this general faculty.” ( Introduction to the psychoanalysis ). But in the device established between the psychoanalyst and the patient, this general capacity with the transfer takes a particular turn: it tends to be focused on the person of the psychoanalyst. This is explained in particular by waiting of cure which justified the cure. The patient placing his hopes in the psychoanalyst is placed like in infantile position with regard to this one. This analogy with the situation first of the subject, when this one depended on the love of his/her parents to survive will start a series of associations, resistances while constituting an engine which will facilitate the outcome of the symptoms.
Transfer and repetition
The transfer is however not a pure repetition of the parental situation. On the contrary, the request for cure is, already, an explicit or implicit awakening, that something is repeated in the life of the subject. The request for cure is thus a first crushing argument to this repetition lived as hitherto undergone. Starting from the entry cleans the symptoms, even repeated of them, are questioned and examined in another way, they are not purer repetitions but variations of the same problem, of the same matrix intervening in the life of the subject. Indeed, in the cure, the symptoms are spoken, told, they are the object of an effort of elucidation which gives them another statute, they are represented, elaborate and perlaborés.
Transfer and love
It is the same of the love of transfer. What motivates the patient it is the love of the truth tells us Freud. The transfer is only one means of reaching that point - and sometimes an obstacle. It is indeed within the framework of this transfer that will awake in the neurotic unsolved dimensions of the situation œdipienne. But there still, it would not know to act of a pure repetition because it is to the psychoanalyst that the patient deals. Insofar as the desire of the analyst remains enigmatic the identificatoire report/ratio which had been initially drawn up can dissolve and dependence risks it which could fear (and sometimes wish) the subject can be exceeded.
Jung and the transfer
If it is well a point on which Carl Gustav Jung forever disputed the contribution of Freud, it is on the major importance of the transfer in the analytical process. However approach that made Jung of the transfer is significantly different from that of its elder on at least two points:
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Already, for Jung, the transfer is not reduced to the transference neurosis described by Freud. It is not a question, for Jung, of a pathological phenomenon which it would be a question of reducing by the analysis, but of a natural phenomenon in the relation between two human beings, phenomenon which results from the deployment of the archetypic dynamic between two people.
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Ensuite Jung does not consider that the transfer can be simply apprehended as being a movement with one way, analyzing towards the analyst, but well rather like a movement with double direction, which implies as much the personality of the analyst that of his patient. Thus the distinction freudienne between transfer and counter-transference does not have, in the thought jungienne, the same place as in the thought freudienne. The jungiens will hold this term in what, of the analyst, takes part in resistances, i.e. with the way in which the analyst unconsciously makes obstacle with the continuation of the analytical process.
Jung devoted to the transfer a work (1946), Psychologie of the transfer , where it makes the synthesis of its approach of this intersubjective phenomenon.
The transfer at Lacan
Jacques Lacan begins again for much the Freudienne design of the transfer, by reinforcing some points there. Lacan opposes the “symbolic system transfer” to the “imaginary transfer”:- For Lacan, the transfer is of order symbolic system, because its force is in the function where analyzing the analyst poses, which he likes it or hates it is secondary.
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For Lacan, the transfer known as imaginary is an obstacle, in the direction where it is only opposition to progress of the subject. Indeed, the subject acts in the analysis not to have to say, and more the subject resists, and more the repetition obliges with him.
Recent evolutions on the transfer
Seduction and transfer
Jean Laplanche took up the first idea of Freud about the Hystérie: a mental health disorder caused by a sexual seduction of the child by an adult. He made of it a theory, the originating Séduction which supposes that the baby is allured by the unconscious sexual share of the adult on him, from where he follows the Primal repression, that is to say the advent of unconscious as defined by Freud. In the relation analyst-patient this process rejoue, allowing the resumption of the major narcissistic disorders.
The adhesive transfer
It is by studying the Autisme that Frances Tustin described a particular method of the transfer which it named adhesive transfer. In this situation the autist behaves as if the analyst were a share of itself, of which it cannot at all separate: separation is lived like a true physical wrenching, with an invading anguish involving either of the clastic crises or a withdrawal of the world. This type of transfer can also find with the turnings of the analysis of a person neither autist nor psychotic, when wounds of any early childhood are awaked.
The tranferential dream
It is a concept advanced by Michel of Me Uzan to describe a particular method of the counter-transference where the analyst is with the catches with a type of thought which it called thought paradoxical, that is to say a thought presenting itself like coming from the interval of the transfer more than of psyché even of the analyst.
The psychosis of transfer
For a long time the psychoanalysts thought that the transfer was only one business of neurosis, the transference neurosis as described by S. Freud. Besides since it was described methods of transfer particular to psychoanalytical work with the psychotics, these methods being able to find with patients not psychotics, which led many analysts to think that there exists of each one a share psychotic of the personality.-
Transfer dissociated : Jean Oury proposes this concept from that of " multiréférentiel" transfer; (Tosquelles) to illustrate the fact that the person Psychotique cannot " transférer" on only one psychoanalyst (as that happens in a standard cure) but rather on the whole of the various figures of an institution (psychiatrists, psychologists, male nurses, other patients).
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