The transcription of the novelists (or alphabet of the Novelist S ) is a whole of symbols (letters, diacritic S) of phonetic Transcription and especially phonological used historically for the Romance Langues. Of this whole of symbols which forever codified and formalized with the manner of the International Phonetic Alphabet a certain number is used for the transcription of the Former French. This subset is sometimes indicated under the name of transcription , system or alphabet of Bourciez . It owes its name with Edouard Bourciez, celebrates medievist specialist in linguistics of former French and the Romance languages, which used it in its works.

Origins and use

Certain symbols of the transcription of the novelists are attested since centuries: they take as a starting point conventions dating from the Latin Antiquité Greek then (Macron, Brève, Accent S, Greek letters) then Moyen-âge (like the kind of Ogonek, written in certain manuscripts of the Life century below E to note, the Tilde), supplemented by those specific to living languages (Czech, for example, for the use of the Háček). The bonds, necessary, with the old languages (as soon as one speaks about etymology, one is brought to quote words Latin or Greek) make that one generally transcribes these last (in dedicated works with the Romance languages in general or in particular) in the same way. As kind, the transcription of the novelists is used:

• partly with the transcription of the Latin and the old Greek ;
• with the transcription of the Romance Languages, of which the Former French.

It is obvious that it is a scientific transcription: it meets mainly in the works of Phonétique history of the Romance languages. The teachers in modern letters of France having a test of former French to recruitment competitions of State education, they work mainly on the system of Bourciez. Although the API one seems to be now the method of the most spread transcription phonetic, one should not lose sight of the fact that there exists for each family of languages a tradition which still carries it by practice.

Symbols

One will indicate only the symbols diverging with those from the International Phonetic Alphabet (API), which will be used as transcription of reference; for example, the symbol B is read like.

The symbols announced by the fat are those of the Phonétique Frenchwoman of E. Bourciez, with the editions Klincksieck (Paris) of 1967. The other symbols meet in various works of Romance linguistics. It should be noted that this alphabet does not have anything official: there is not final version. Each author often practices his own transcription, sometimes limited for typographical reasons by the editor. It is notable that one can meet mixed notations, borrowing for example symbols from the API, with the Transcription of the Germanic languages or with that of the Indian languages.

Vowels

Contrary to the API, the alphabet of the novelists does not use vowels drawn from the old Greek. The diacritic ones do not have any relationship with those of the API one: to note the use of a hook similar to the Ogonek or the Cedilla to mark the open character of a vowel, not subscribed for the less Aperture, of the Dieresis to the Frenchwoman. The kind of cedilla goes back to the Latin Manuscrit S and is attested as of the writing Onciale. It is a sign of replacement for the Digramme ae (or æ ) in which the subscribed hook is old a has written under the E . It was extended by the philologists to other vowels.

Principal characters:

• â = “;
• ę =” ;
• ẹ = “;
• e̥ =” ;
• œ̨ = “;
• œ̣ =” ;
• ǫ = “;
• ọ =” ;
• U = '.

Consonants

One notices that the Spirante S are systematically noted by means of a Greek letter, contrary to the API one, who almost does not have characters for this type of phonemes. The diacritic ones are notable: the subscribed Brève indicates a palatal consonant, the Tréma the Palatalisation of in, the Háček is used as in the Transcription of the Slavic languages:

• δ = “;
• γ =” ;
• ł = “;
• l̮ =” ;
• ṅ = “;
• n̮ =” ;
• ʀ = “;
• R =” ;

Note: ʀ and R is often reversed: ʀ for and R for;

• š = “;
• there =” ;
• ẅ “;
• χ =” (in theory, or);
• ž = '.

Characteristics Suprasegmental be

• the vocalic quantities (short vowels ~ long vowels) are noted with the antique, by the Macron and the Brève: ā = “ (also ē , ī , ō , ū , etc) and ă =” in short/normal (also ĕ , ĭ , ŏ , ŭ , etc);
• the Acute accent note the place of the tonic Accent or height (for the Greek and Latin): á = “ (also E , í , ó , ú , etc);
• the Palatalisation is normally indicated by a subscribed Brève: k̮ = or” (the transcription into API is more precise: it distinguishes one palatalized from a palatal; also t̮ , k̮ , l̮ , n̮ , etc);
• the vowels not syllabic S (elements of Diphthong not forming any the top) can be announced by the subscribed reversed Brève: ęi̯ =.

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