Transcription of the Indian languages

In order to allow the reading of the texts and the names originating in the India, generally written in various writings, it was developed various methods of transcription or transliteration of the Indian languages , which aim at reproducing these words by using the letters of the Latin alphabet, generally supplemented by several diacritic S.

Extremely fortunately, the Indian languages have a Phonologie near, and these transcriptions or transliterations apply to the totality of the written languages of India, one even sometimes also uses them to transcribe the Tibetan, although the most frequent transcription of this last is that of Wylie.

IAST

See IAST

System of romanisation of the national library of Calcutta

The system of romanisation of the national library of Calcutta is the system of Translittération most largely employed in the dictionaries and grammars of the languages of India. This system is also used by the Bibliothèque of the Congress of the United States; it is practically identical to the one of the alternatives of the standard ISO 15919. The tables below correspond mainly to the alphabet Devanāgarī, but include also letters of the alphabet Kannada, Tamoul, Bengali Malayalam and . The system is an extension of IAST used for the transliteration of the Sanskrit.

Vowels

The transcription of the letter precedes the various writings from this one. The abbreviation D means that the letter which follows is written in Devanāgarī, T in Tamoul, m in Malayalam.

The long vowels are surmounted by a Macron. For example has (D: अ, T: அ, m: അ) and ā (D: आ, T: ஆ, m: ആ) but also the vowel (D: ऋ, T: ர m: ഋ) which, if it is lengthened, is transcribed (D: ॠ, T: ற). To note that in the Indo-Iranian Langues, E and O are always “long” (what, in the modern languages, often appears by a simple opposition of stamp) and that the transcription thus does not write ē and ō , except for the Langues dravidiennes, in which case the short ones could be noted ĕ and ŏ .

When a vowel is transcribed by two vocalic signs, it is a Diphtongue.

There thus exists, inter alia, has , ā , I , ī , U , ū , , , , (theoretical vowel of the Sanskrit), ē , have , ō , with the and (with to note a Nasalisation).

Consonants

For the majority, the consonants existing in the languages of India are the same ones as in the European languages, with some additions near:
  • aspired , noted with a H subsequent: KH , gh , cha , jha , , , tha , dha , pha (has not to read like a F ), bha . One does not find these sounds in all the languages of India, such as for example the Tamoul;
  • the Rétroflexe S, accompanied by a not subscribed: , , , , , and lạ .
Normalement, the vowels and should be transcribed by and , which makes it possible to distinguish them from the consonants.
  • is worth // (D: ङ, T: ங, m: ങ) and ñ // (D: ञ, T: ஞ, m: ഞ);
  • ś has several palatal hushing values, like //, // or // (D: श, m: ശ) and (D: ष, T: ஷ, m: ഷ);
  • is worth // (T: ற);
  • is worth // (T: ழ).

Examples

  • Sanskrit: विकिपीडिया
  • transcription: vikipīḍiyā
  • translation: Wikipédia

See too

Bond interns

External bonds

  • Transliteration off Not-Novel Scripts - Written forms and tables of transliteration, gathered by Thomas T. Pederson (the system of Calcutta seems ALA/LC there).

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