Traceability - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

The traceability is information on the line production and of distribution of a product.

This subject has an particular importance for the produced S concerning the human health, like the food and the drugs or the Sécurité (Aéronautique, Automobile, Informatique for example). It is also used in the follow-up of the waste processing, since a producer of waste of it is responsible until his elimination. It is also more and more a concern of the Consommateur - Citoyen, which wants for example to be sure that the product does not utilize of contrary elements to its Morale, such as for example the Travail of the children.

History

The traceability of the acts is attested since antiquity, by the seals in particular. The traceability of the animals is also known stockbreeders, owners of animals and health authorities since thousands of years. Thus the identification by body marks was already regulated by the Code of Hammurabi in Mésopotamie, 3.800 years ago.

Indelible marking with red iron, or by marks on the ears (the nozzle of birds sometimes), with or without writings attesting the characteristics of the animal, seems to be practiced almost everywhere in antiquity, at least for the animals of commercial value, religious (cf sacrifices), Symbolique or soldier.

The swans of kings d' Angleterre as of XIIIe century were marked by incisions on the skin of the nozzle.

A medical marking accompanying by the Certificat S was used to counter or limit epizooties (cattle plague, human plague of the 14th century, péripneumonie contagious bovine, snot, rage…), with severe sanctions in the event of infringements. It related to for example live animals, patients, doubtful, died, or suspect by-products. Jean Blancou in “ History of the traceability of the animals and the animal products ” (rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 20) quotes marking at the time of epizooties of the XVIIIe century, contaminated products or at the risks (meat, leathers) cut out, lacerated or covered of lime to recognize them and make them inedible or unsaleable.

In France, a stop of the Council of the king, of July 16th 1784 imposed the marking of the animals “suspected of the Morve or any other contagious disease such as the coal, the Gale, the Clavelée, the Farcin and the Rage”. The doubtful or sick animal was to carry a green wax seal on the face, carrying the words “suspect animal”. These animals being led and being locked up to share of the others. (Reynal J. (1873). - Treaty of the medical police force of the pets. Asselin, Paris, 1.012 pp.)

In 1875, Hurtrel d' Arboval prefers him to it leading, in any case in the animals with horns with which one passes a string connecting the base of the horns, the two ends crimped in a lead of the seal type custom-house, “ this mark is removed as soon as it became useless, and however it cannot be changed without this action leaving sensitive traces ” (Hurtrel d' Arboval L.H.J. (1875). - Dictionary of medicine, surgery and hygiene veterinary surgeon. Baillière and wire, Paris, Paris, 650 pp.).

See also: O. Delafond, Treated chest complaint of the cattle known under the name of péripneumonie contagious , Labbé, Paris, 1884,319 p.

At the 20th century

The traceability developed to answer the Besoin S industrialists and agro-industrial for standardization and standardization exacerbated by the needs for rebuilding of the post-war period and the Mondialisation. It inspires by the mondialized systems of standardization (ex: systems ISO). It passes by the generalization of the concept of serial number (then declined in Code bar or devices similar, possibly invisible, such as magnetic codes, or microchips (Transpondeur) include in wood, in a product or one animalvivant), because the arrival of the mass production of products, was accompanied by the possibility of frauds with large scales or to produce errors in series. The batch of production thus fûrent together with number identifying the batch, even the product in the batch, for allows to find the origin of series of defective products, and to find these products themselves, for example to withdraw them sale.

The traceability was put at the service of the step quality, the fight against the international fraud, and evolves now to an individualized follow-up of the various products. These products can be known or not (ex: contents of a postal parcel sent in recommended, followed thanks to its identifier). The advance is followed (which operator handled which product and where, with which machine, in which place. The temperature, the shocks, etc can also be recorded). To waste of the families which can be weighed and followed thanks to electronic chips on the dustbin and the trucks.

The traceability benefitted from major progress, been dependant on the Informatique and its miniaturization, with in particular three tools:

the code-bars, allowing a fast and automatic identification by optical reader. The electronic chip which can contain more information tends to replace them for the sophisticated uses.
the Radio-label S which allow a complete follow-up of the life of a product. Indeed, they are with read/write and this remotely (until several meters) of a capacity of 64 000 characters - 32 pages of book approximately - and can reprogram several million times. The food and the exchange of the data in reading or writing are done on carrying inductive. The electronic chip is not fed.
the more or less inter-connected databases, allowing to follow a great number of reference and to carry out steppings in an automated way.

Interests of the traceability

The traceability plays a big role in the quality: if one realizes that an element of production is failing, the traceability makes it possible to know which products passed by this element, to act in a curative way on those to ensure the conformity of the product (resolution du/des problems and given in conformity, destruction, recall,…), and to carry out an analysis of the problem upstream and downstream to set up corrective actions.

Risks

The new methods of traceability make it possible to follow an object, an animal or individuals, of satellite and until in its private activities, with many possible drifts.

Technical constraints of the traceability

Many questions arise:

until where does the traceability have to go?
is it Necessary to identify the products one by one, or group (serial number, of batch)?
the source and the way of a product must it be accessible to the public
How long to preserve the files, etc
How to trace Nanoproduit S or products resulting from the Nanotechnologie S
With which precision to trace particular products such as the GMO, from fish, game, mushrooms, etc

The answers différentent according to whether one speaks about food products or not, with risks pathogenic, toxicological or environmental with short, average or long term (ex radioactive waste at long life of life), or likely of mobility (animal) or to reproduce (GMO), etc

Very product is elaborate starting from raw materials. The traceability for example will consist in noting their origins then that of the product (trade mark, reference of the product, number of batch…), as well as the conditions under which the raw material was integrated. In addition to the date, this can go to a physical parameter list, even the name of the operator who carried out the task.

In the case of intended products with the Aeronautical , in particular, the traceability must make it possible to go up until the raw materials used to work out the part concerned (chemical Analyze of the matter), and to identify all the operations having made it possible to obtain the end product starting from this matter. If a part proves to be defective, it is necessary to be able to find all the parts manufactured with the same matter and under the same conditions (Fonderie, Usinage, Traitement S), in order to prohibit their assembly on a Avion as long as the absence of the same defect was not shown.

In the case of agriculture, it would be necessary to note the nature and the quantity of all the product used in the fields, during storage and transport, then at the time of the transformation, etc as well as the medicamentous treatments and conditions of breeding of the animals…

Agroalimentary traceability

Traceability of the low temperature

There exist Intégrateur Time Temperature. They record the time-temperature history of the products by using biological, physical or chemical mechanisms implying time and the temperature.

See too

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