The toxicology (of the Greek " toxicon" , poison recovering the arrows, and " logos" , study, science) are science studying toxic substances (or Poison S), them etiology (origin), the circumstances of their contact with the organization, their effects on this one (target bodies) and the Environnement (ecotoxicology), the means of detecting and of fighting them (ways of elimination, Antidote S).

It is interested in the effects of the Exposition to poisons, whatever the way of entry in the organization (Inhalation, contact, Ingestion…), and that this one is only potential and Asymptomatique (one speaks then about Toxine S), or person in charge of associated clinical signs (Syndrome) carrying out a Intoxication itself.

The intoxication being a dynamic process, hospital toxicology often concerns an emergency procedure, mobilizing the clinician in a simultaneously diagnostic step (toxic or different etiology), analytical (interpretation of the results of biology) and therapeutic (symptomatic treatment, reanimation).

The etiology of the Intoxication S and Intoxination S is very varied: Atmospheric Pollution , professional Exposure, Food poisoning, medicamentous Intoxication, Envenimation or Poisoning. The targets are also varied: the Neurotoxique S affect the brain or the nervous system, other products or the same ones will affect certain bodies preferentially (glands, lungs, liver, kidney.)

The Toxine S can be of origin animal (Venin at the time of envenimation ophidienne by the asp, for example), vegetable (poisoning by the Belladone or Atropis belladonna ), fungic (poisonous fungus, like the death cap, for example) or chemical (intoxication by heavy metals, for example). In its experimental and regulatory part, toxicology studies and analyzes in experiments the Toxicité products (human Médicament S or Vétérinaire S, plant health Produits…) before their marketing.

The intoxication often depends on effect of thresholds, the toxicologist thus refers to many references which are thresholds, standards or amounts tolerable or acceptable, of which for example:

The " Permissible Amount Day laborer " (DJA) (for the residues of Pesticide S) The " Amount Tolerable Day laborer " (DJT), or DHTP (provisional tolerable weekly Amount) or (for the heavy metals) The " Annual Limiting Amount " (DLA) (for the Radionuclide S).

These thresholds are calculated for poisons taken individually, and not for cocktails of pollutants which can act in Synergie (positive or negative) or with effects of potentiation, also knowing that there exist levels of sensitivities related to genetic inheritance, with the general state of health, with the immunizing history, and also at the age (the fetus and the embryo, or the young child are much more sensitive to the poisons than the adults). Toxicology, and more still the ecotoxicology are thus not exact sciences.

The amount mortal can be weak (millionth of gram for botulinic toxin or plutonium, respectively in the short run, or in the short or the long term). Certain products have a toxic effect only at individuals genetically predisposed, or exposed for a synergistic purpose with another molecule or affection.

Inventory

The inventory of the poisons is a slow and difficult work, because of their number and of the difficulty of highlighting long-term effects and/or synergistic, for the chemicals or biological agents, and for their and breakdown products Métabolite S, the more so as the number of chemicals created and diffused in the Biosphère and the food chains has strongly increased for 200 years.
Dans the EU, the directive Reach imposes to the industrialists an evaluation of the impacts of the most used products. In France as exempe, INRS had mid 2007 analyzed 380 chemicals for their carcinogenic, mutagen or reprotoxic aspects (CMR).

Food poisonings

Intoxications by metals and metalloids

  • Aluminum
  • Antimony
  • Arsenic: more in connection with the serious effects on health, allotted to the prolonged water consumption with strong concentration of Arsenic. Article of the World Health Organization: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs210/fr/index.html

Intoxications by heavy metals

The term heavy metals being more commonly reserved for:

Intoxication medicamentous

Intoxication by gases

Intoxication by drugs

Intoxication by the industrial products

Intoxication with the poisons of vegetable origin

Intoxication with the Venom S animals

Poisons centres

The Poisons centres (CAP) are information centers on the toxic risks of all the medicamentous, industrial and natural products. They have a role of information near the health professionals and of the public, ensure the diffusion of booklets and bring a help by telephone to the diagnosis, the assumption of responsibility and the treatment of the intoxications. They take an active part in Toxicovigilance. Certain centers make in addition to research and the specific analyzes.

  • France (0,15€/minute or 33*) Reception of the Poisons centres and Toxicovigilance

    • Angers (Center and Country of the Loire) (0) 2 41 48 21 21
    • Bordeaux (Aquitaine and Poitou-Charentes) (0) 5 56 96 40 80
    • Genoble (Center of Toxicovigilance) (0) 4 76 76 56 46
    • Lille (High-Normandy, Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardy) (0) 8 25 81 28 22
    • Lyon (Auvergne and the Rhone-Alps) (0) 4 72 11 69 11
    • Marseilles (Corsica, Languedoc-Roussillon, Provence-Alp-Coast of Azure and Réunion) (0)4 91 75 25 25 (including bites of non-European snakes)
    • Nancy (Burgundy, the Champagne-Ardennes and Lorraine) (0) 3 83 32 36 36
    • Paris (Ile-de-France and Antille-Guyana): (0) 1 40 05 48 48
    • Rheims (hours and business days) (0) 3 26 06 07 08; Toxicovigilance (0) 3 26 78 48 21
    • Rennes (Basse-Normandie and Brittany) (0) 2 99 59 22 22
    • Rouen (Center of Toxicovigilance at the hours and business days) (0) 2 35 88 44 00
    • Strasbourg (Alsace and Franche-Comté) (0) 3 88 37 37 37
    • Toulouse (Areas the Limousin and the Midday-Pyrenees) (0) 5 61 77 74 47
    • Regional center of Pharmacovigilance (undesirable effects of the drugs): (0) 1 40 05 43 34
    • Center of studies and information on the pharmacodépendances (CIP): (0) 1 40 05 42 70
    • National center of Toxicological Information Veterinary surgeons: (0) 4 78 87 10 40

  • Belgium:

    • Brussels, Antipoisons Center +32 70.245.245 Swiss
  • :
    • Zurich, Tox (Swiss Center of toxicological information, CSIT), +41 1.251 51 51 (145 from Switzerland)
    • Basle, Swiss Institute of the tropics +41 61.284 82 55 (bites of non-European snakes)

  • Canada:

    • Quebec (Poisons center): 1-800-463-5060

See too

Related articles

External bonds

  • Gate/Base of international data on toxins industrial, pharmaceutical, animal, vegetable, fungic, microbial…)
  • List of the poisons centres in the world
  • emergency Toxicology: should the stomach still be washed? , the General practitioner n°2023, April 14th 2000

Simple: Toxicology

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