Town planning

See also: Town planning (homonymy)

town planning is at the same time a disciplinary field and a professional field recovering the study of the urban phenomenon, the action of Urbanisation and the organization of the Ville and of its territories. The people who exert this trade are Urbaniste S.

According to the academic traditions this discipline is sometimes associated with the Architecture, sometimes with the Géographie according to the aspect proposed, the urban intervention or the theoretical study.

Definitions

  • As a professional field, the practices and techniques of town planning rise from the implementation of the urban Politiques (habitat, housing, transport, environment, zones of economic activities and commercial apparatus). This second dimension recuts the City planning and the management of the Cité (with the ancient direction of the term), by maximizing the geographical potential for a better harmony of the uses and wellbeing of the users (resident, active, tourists).

The concept appears with the Catalan engineer, Ildefons Cerdà and its work general Théorie of the Urbanisation appeared in 1867. It made its appearance in France in 1910.

In 1911, the French company of the town planners is founded. Exit of the humanistic currents and hygienists of the end of the 19th century, this learned society brings together since its origins the town planners of all modes of exercise (public, public and private para) on the basis of professional criterion. Its actions constitute a true force of proposals, which appears in particular in the vision of the town planners for the city of the 21e century and the New Charter of Athens. The SFU represents the town planners of France at the European Council of the town planners.

Today, one can “define town planning as recovering the whole of the human activities, since they are articulated, in time, with the territories” (source: French company of the town planners). Also, if town planning rhyme since its origins with humanism, town planning rhyme as much today with sustainable development.

It is from 1953 that the École of the Art schools of Paris teaches town planning with its students. A reference book makes it possible to better seize the real issues of town planning, in a teaching form Urbanisme, Utopies and reality of Francoise Choay (1965), which has been an anthology of the various urban concepts developed for several centuries.

One can date the constitution from the field of town planning between 1870 and 1970.

Stakes and professional applications

The objective of the town planner is to read out of the city and a territory. Its work concerns on the installation of the public spaces and deprived, the organization of the frame and the economic activities, the distribution of the equipment (public services), and generally on the morphology of the city and the organization of the networks which compose it. (established in the past form)

The work of the town planner, far from being reduced to a lawful aspect, aims at formatting the territorial project of the communities. Its role is to anticipate the needs for the populations in order to propose an effective urban development on the socio-economic and durable level on the environmental level. With this intention, it contributes to the development of documents of town planning for the territorial collectivity concerned, by planning the equipment necessary (public spaces, green areas, drinking water networks, of cleansing, public lighting, electricity, gas, communication networks).

Town planning can be thus exerted within a public framework (territorial collectivities or services of the State) or within a private framework (research departments), whose role is connected mainly with Assistance with the control of work or Maîtrise of work.

Town planning, taking into account its multi-field character, interests several professional categories according to the field of study: Architect S, engineers, economists, and lawyers, sociologists, geographers, Landscape designer S, and even of the archeologists, historians and psychologists, to which it should be made call for the establishment of the town-plannings or for the launching of the operations of town planning, according to the disponibles.
means One also forms, to solve this problem of multidisciplinarity, the town planners, or developers, and of the Environnement alists, which receive a multi-field formation in institutes of town planning specialized in 3rd Cycle, like oldest, the Institute of town planning of Paris XII, and most exemplary, the Institute of Town planning of the Sorbonne (Paris IV), which the joint management is jointly assured by professors and professionals the French company of Town planners (S.F.U.).

The first institutes of town planning appear in France around the years 1920 with the first " residences sociaux". Other formations, more recent, resulting from the town American planning also propose courses adapted to the trades of territorial marketing.

Various aspects of the policy of town planning

In the professional field, one can consider two categories of town planning: regulatory town planning (cf Right of town planning): it is a question of creating a document of town planning (as in France the Plan of occupation of the grounds replaced by the Local plan of town planning since the law Solidarité and Urban renewal of 2000, or the communal Carte, or with the Quebec the diagram of installation and the plan of zoning, in Belgium (Wallonia) the Plan of sector) which defines rules of urbanization a priori within perimeters cut out on the communal territory. This work, also called planning, can in certain cases relate to several communes, in order to obtain a coherence on the whole of an agglomeration (such as in France for the Diagram of territorial coherence, SCOT or the Local plan of communal or inter-commune town planning). operational town planning : it is a question of creating a project of installation, in free space, or fabric old (restoration, restoration or " rehabilitation "), while being based on the procedure of reach development concerted (Z.A.C.) or that of allotment, for which project one will delimit a perimeter and a payment of occupation of the ground.

These two aspects of town planning are supplemented upstream by a total reflection on the operation and the future of the district, the city or the agglomeration. This work poses the bases of a strategy on the installation of a coherent unit, even of a policy of apprehension of the city. That generally consists in formalizing a territorial diagnosis upstream .

Currently, in France, the failure felt of the great operations of installation of after war, inspired by the modernistic vision of the CIAM which developed the theory of the “  zoning  ” or zoning (the cutting of the territory in functionally differentiated zones) pushes the theorists and actors of town planning to avoid arbitrary land cutting with the profit of a project and a comprehensive view on the territory.

See too

Town planners

Close topics of reflection

Aspects of the urbanization

Examples

Institutes of town planning

  • Department Installation - Polytechnic school of Turns (old Center of higher learning in installation)
  • Institute of regional development (IAR), University Paul Cézanne, Aix-Marseilles III
  • Institute of town and country planning and environment of the university of Rheims
  • French Institute of Town planning (IFU, Marne-the-Valley)
  • Institute of Town planning of Grenoble
  • Institute of Town planning of Lyon (Lyon 2)
  • Institute of Town planning of Paris (IUP, Paris XII)
  • Institute of town planning of the University of Montreal
  • Institute ofTown planning of the Sorbonne (Paris I and Paris IV)
  • Institute of Installation and Town planning of Lille (IAUL), Lille I
  • Institute of Installation, Tourism and Town planning of Bordeaux
  • Institute of Right of the Real estate, the Environment and Town planning (IDILEU), Narbonne
  • Institute of géoarchitecture (Brest) geoarchi.net
  • Institute of Regional Development of Aix-en-Provence (IAR), University of Aix-Marseilles III
  • Department of urban and tourist studies, University from Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), School of the Management sciences (ESG)
  • Euromed Marseilles - Mr. Sc. in Management of the Real estate and Urban Policies; Specialization Management Habitat Town planning and Policies of the City

External bonds

  • History of town planning in France
  • Metropolises, re-examined urban studies
  • '' GRIDAUH '' Groupement of Research on the Institutions and the Right to Town planning and of the Habitat
  • Association for Promotion of the Teaching and the Research in Installation and Town planning (APERAU)
  • Institute of Town and country planning and of the Environment of the University of Rheims
  • ecological town planning in Europe
  • the corner of town planning
  • French Institute of Town planning (IFU)
  • * Institute of Géoarchitecture
  • Magistère of Town planning of Paris
  • Institute of Town planning of Paris (IUP)
  • Institute of Town planning of Grenoble (IUG)
  • Institute of Urban architecture - Hochschule Bremen
  • Re-examined '' Urbanisme ''
  • Network Urbamet
  • Information center of town planning
  • CNU Congress for the New Urbanism, the United States
  • Institute of higher learning of town planning and Urban renovation Brussels
  • Metropolis Text on the privatization of the city, the town planning of the public places and the Town-planning housing shortage
  • of the town of Montreal
  • Institute of the Techniques of the Engineer in Landscape Installation and space LESQUIN; ISA/Lille
  • Institute of Regional Development of Aix-en-Provence (IAR), University of Aix-Marseilles III
  • the removal of a national school and its consequences: revealing of the public policies as regards town planning
  • Special issue " City and sustainable development of the review Sustainable development and territories

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