The tourism is the fact of Voyage R in, or to traverse for its pleasure, a place other than that where one usually saw.

Initially only attached to the Leisure S (with the pejorative connotation of a voyage makes with goes-quickly) and to health (voyage to the sun to flee the bad weather), tourism also includes from now on the whole of the economic activities to which the person makes call during an unusual displacement (transport, hotels, restaurants, etc).

It can be a question, for example of a Trip business (one speaks then about “tourism of businesses”), of a Pèlerinage religious (“pertaining to worship tourism”), or of going to be made look after in another country that in which one resides. One then speaks about medical Tourisme.

To practice tourism makes it possible moreover to mark pauses in its utility timetable imposed by the need for earning its living. The tourist is generally interested in the culture or nature of the places which he visits (e.g. the beach). This practice was a long time the prerogative of fortunate people who could allow themselves to travel, to see remarkable constructions, works of art or to taste other kitchens.

Tourism gave rise to a true industry when the middle-classes of the Western countries (Europe and of North America) could start to travel. It is the general improvement of the standard of living which made it possible to people to be more devoted to their leisures, and in particular with tourism, without forgetting considerable progresses as regards transport (maritime transport, railway but especially air).

A pluri-secular practice

Large British founders

The terms tourism and tourist were used officially for the first time by the Société of the Nations to name people who travelled abroad for periods of more than 24 hours. But the industry of tourism is much older than that. So that there is tourism, four essential parameters must be joined together:

1. taste of the Exoticism, discovered other cultures;

2. of the money available for not-essential activities;
3. of the spare time;
4. of the infrastructures and means of communication making safe and facilitating the voyage and the stay.

The term of turn became popular in Great Britain with when the “Large Turn off Europe” (Large Turn of Europe) became a share of the education of the young people and rich British gentlemen. To complete their education and to flee the bad weather of their native island, many young people went everywhere in Europe, but especially in places of cultural and esthetic interest like Rome, the Toscane or the the Alps, and the capitals European. Many British and European artists as of the 16th century made the “voyage in Italy” such as for example Claude Lorrain. If Rome, Naples and Florence attracted the foreign visitors for a long time, it is the influence of the romantic poets like Lord Byron and William Blake which returned the countryside, the Alps, the torrents and the popular throats of mountains. The British aristocrats of XVIIIe raffolaient “Large Turn particularly”, benefitting from the occasion to discover the artistic and archaeological richnesses of Italy in particular, and to accumulate artistic treasures of all Europe. They played a paramount role in the birth of the Archéologie, with the discovery of Pompéi and Herculanum, in particular. They thus brought back works of art in quantities ever equalized elsewhere in Europe, it is what explains the current richness of many collections as well public as private British. Tourism of this time was basically élitiste, formation and pleasure trip which made it possible to meet its counterparts in all Europe. Tourism with the modern direction did not develop before the 19th century; it nowadays represents the major part of tourism industry.

The beginning of the industrialization of tourism was a British invention at the 19th century, with in particular the creation of the first travel agency by Thomas Cook. That met the needs increasing for displacement, for all kinds of reasons, of the Britanniques whose country was the first European country to be industrialized. Initially, only the owners of the means of production, from the factories, the tradesmen and the new middle-class profited from spare time, but also from increased desires of voyages, for example to visit the World Fairs (the first World Fair takes place with London in 1851 and drains several million visitors).

Tourism diversifies during the 19th century: pleasure trip, business trip, Hydrotherapy, research of the sun at the cold season, in particular to look after the Tuberculosis, plague of the time.

The British origin of this new industry is attested by many names:

• with Nice, the long esplanade along the sea is still known like the Promenade of the English ;
• in many tourist resorts of continental Europe, the de luxe hotels have names like the Hôtel Bristol-board , the Hôtel Carlton or the Hôtel Majestic .

They are also British tourists who invented the Winter sports in Suisse in the village of Zermatt. Before the arrival of the first tourists, the villagers of Zermatt considered simply that their long snow-covered winter was one period during which the best thing to be made was to remain with the shelter cold and to manufacture clocks with cuckoo or other objects mechanical.

The railroad

The Tourisme of mass started to develop only when the means of transport had progressed and that the number of people profiting from spare time had increased. The invention of the Railroad had a major effect while returning the easily accessible seaside for the British townsmen…

Current trends

Tourism is not only any more “any person in displacement out of her usual environment for one duration of at least a night, and one year to more” (definition of the Worldwide organization of tourism); it is a whole much vaster of activities, extremely varied practices. So until 1936 it was the prerogative of social classes enough " favorisées" , with the introduction of paid vacations he made great strides very other; mass of the workers and their families being able thus finally to move for their approval.

Some heavy tendencies emergent these last years. First of all, one observes a crumbling of the duration of the holidays, with for corollary a spreading out of the “season”. This tendency to crumbling also contributes to develop tourism of proximity. One also observes a more marked taste for the itinérance: mobility increases according to the weather, of the family needs, the desires of the moment, the festivals or events various. This diversity of the tastes and the practices also contributes to the development of the stays with topics. These factors imply a good knowledge of the tourist Flux.

These last years, because of a reduction in the working time offering to each one more time of leisures but also according to the cost of living which, in continuous increase, limits the expenditure, created for itself the " tourism of a jour" who takes extension more and more. Tourism connects also directly on work by the means of the Tourisme of businesses and by the incentive one. The first relates to all the tourist offer (entertainment, discovered) which surrounds the business trips, the congresses, seminars, living rooms - and France is still for a few years the first world destination of the Living rooms and congress. Opportunity is the voyage organized for the personnel of a company, in French: travel of stimulation. It can include/understand sporting or ludic tests, but also of the cultural activities, in complement of seminars or meetings.

It is observed that the practices diversify, intersect, creating as many niches for the producers of tourism. Customers are not defined any more by one practical single, a practice does not define only one any more profile of customers.

In China, the Tourism and consumption strongly increased: in 2003, one estimates that more than 100 million Chinese traversed and visited their country.

Leading products bound for the tourists

Two types of leading products relate to tourism: guides of tourism and specialized magazines.

This panorama of the tourist edition would not be complete if one omitted the free offer which has two primary sources:

• the territorial collectivities which make by booklets the promotion of their tourist infrastructures (Tourist office, Departmental committee of tourism, Regional committee of tourism
• Maison of France
• the turns operators which produce each year the catalog of their destinations put on sale.

In addition to their exemption from payment, they present the disadvantage of being limited geographically in the first case, or of being limited to an offer made up and not very informative for other uses that it for what intends it the Tour operator in the second case. Ultimately, it are not competing with the commercial leading production.

The guide of tourism

Deliver Hebdo, review weekly of the National union of the edition traditionally devotes an special issue to tourism and the voyages in March, each year. The tourist edition: they are 1150 works published in 2000 by the French-speaking edition, mainly of the guides of voyages. To date, the main objects of the guides of voyage are:

• the location: route, hotel trade, restoration (e.g.: Guide of routard)
• the cultural offer: monuments, sites, curiosities, museums, (e.g.: blue Guides)

The market is very concentrated, dominated largely by the trio Hachette - Michelin - Gallimard which alone accounts for approximately 80% of the market - but editors of more modest size cut considerable shares, for example the Sly little minx, with in 2000 a production of 300 titles.

The tourist edition lends itself very well to a production of niche:

• Shores: with the destinations of charm (a profile of customers)
• Differently: approaches literary destinations, through the glance of writers, (a profile of writing)
• Solilang: guides which propose experiments of daily life (to play lotto in Greece, to go in a hammam to Tunisia, etc)
• Parigramme: 100 titles devoted exclusively to Paris, with the collection the Guide of the walker, (a single destination)
• Editions of the Yachtman: devoted exclusively to the
, pleasure sailing (a single activity for very targeted customers)
• Guides CitySpeaker: a collection of guide cultural and practical to download in the shape of audio, readable files on a walkman.
• Or Rando Editions: specialized on the works of excursions in the Pyrenees, (a single destination and a single activity).

Moreover, contrary to other leading fields, the provincial editors are very well represented: for example, Western France, Didier Richard, Rando Editions.

Which contents?

The dominant approach of the works produced by the tourist edition is an approach by geographical destination.

These last years a new type of guide emerges, by customer-target: for example, the Collection Small Travellers of the Editions Milan, or Teenager-guide launched by the Editions of Martinière.

Another approach is possible: the approach set of themes. Oldest and most strongly established is that devoted to the restoration and hotel trade (Michelin guide, Gault-Millau, the Bottin Gourmand). The approach set of themes is extended to other fields: ecology, sports, religion, which correspond to practices of the tourists, or with fields of the offer:

• Guide of the ecological holidays of the Editions of Fraysse,
• Gardens of France of the Editions Actes Sud,
• or Stays equestrian published by the National federation of the rural Lodgings,
• and also of the guides of Camp-sites
• etc

One of the conditions of the success of the tourist edition is to stick to more close with the evolutions tourism, also the niches sets of themes are particularly adapted.

Which distribution network?

The National union of the edition evaluates the sale of works of tourism to more than 11 million specimens, that is to say a little more than 500 million CA F. These works are sold mainly on paper medium in the bookstores which are numerous to have a ray specialized “Tourism, voyages”. For example, for FNAC, the ray tourism represents 15% of the bookstore activity, (and occupy approximately 45% of linear the social sciences) or, at White Ombres, Toulouse bookseller, tourism is the subject of a store with share, strongly identified. Many big cities have at least a specialized bookstore: Paris, Lyon, Montreal, Brussels, Lille, etc (cf appendix 2c: list specialized bookstores).

For which users?

The users of guides do not hesitate to buy several guides: approximately 2,5 guides for a voyage - is at least a guide general practitioner with hotel trade restoration and a more cultural guide. Approximately 68% of the 40 million French who leave on vacation at least once per annum buy guides of tourism. Moreover, it is necessary to note the use which develops to buy several guides for the area where one lives, which is during development of tourism of proximity.

The guides of tourism are used traditionally during the voyage, from where for much a size adaptable to the glove compartment of the car. A certain number of guides (the same ones as the precedents or others) has a preparatory function with the voyage, or a function of remembering.

In the first case (preparation of the voyage), one finds in particular the works precise and rigorous with up to date factual information: they are used to determine the route, the projected visits, they are also used to budget for the voyage. In the second case (to remember), one finds works comprising more the editorial one intended to supplement the knowledge of the territory discovered at the time of the voyage, a richer iconography which arranges them in the category of the illustrated beautiful books.

New supports

The majority of the tourist editors of guides start in this moment a turn towards the electronic media on line, while not giving up the paper which has for him to be itinerant, though heavy, and which presents moreover the major disadvantage to be obsolete almost as of its publication, in particular for the practical information.

The guide on electronic medium, in particular on line, has for him to be updated instantaneously. It is particularly adapted to a public of niche, which actively prepares its voyage, which information retrieval reliable and which has computer tools and telematics. The edition of tourist guides is interested more and more in the new supports, in particular mobile.

An good example on electronic medium is proposed by the Australian editor Lonely Planet (which publishes still mainly on paper medium) whose French-speaking site receives 80.000 visitors per month in 2001, (it should be specified that its anglophone site receives nearly 3 million visitors per month). This site is not yet merchant, the function gate is privileged, but Lonely Planet works with a project of guide sold directly on line. Guides created by LP are already available on PSP for certain European big cities.

The Guide of Routard is the editor of guides of which the site the most is visited (in 2007, the site would enter more than 700.000 pages seen per day), and its offer from now on was extended to guides audios, in partnership with Nouvelles Borders, and of the guides on GPS, in partnership with the Navigon manufacturer. As for Michelin, certain good addresses from the Red Guides or Green Guides are from now on available on the GPS developed by the mark.

But the French-speaking guides are overall late compared to the offer on electronic medium of the anglophone guides: the lonelyplanet.com site proposes extracts of chapters to be downloaded; Rough Guides proposes several solutions, the such integral consultation of guides on line, of the podcasts, the guides in the form of ebooks, of the interactive charts and the good addresses to be downloaded on a iPod; DK launched launched a new interactive site devoted to the voyage, based on information of the Eyewitness collections…

Statistics of world tourism

Receiving tourism

Statistics of OMT, in million international arrivals

The OMT has two methods of calculating to analyze the annual total evolution of tourism. It acts, on the one hand the arrivals of international tourists at the borders and the receipts of international tourism.

Arrivals of international tourists, in million people.

(*) Source: The Economist Pocket World in Figures, 2005.

(**) Source: Outstanding facts of tourism of the Worldwide organization of tourism, 2006.

Receipts of international tourism, of billion dollars U.S.

The opposite relationship between France and the United States on the level of the arrivals and the receipts (1e place or 3rd place), are explained by the fact that the stays in France are generally because of tourism of short duration, the tourists often moving in the adjoining countries of Europe, themselves very gravitational, while with the United States, they are often voyages from long life (on average 3 weeks). Moreover, the nature of the tourists is not the same one (family tourism instead of tourism of business), with the result that the expenditure is much less large in France.

Transmitting tourism

Expenditure of international tourism, of billion dollars U.S.

Note: the expenditure between the first two countries, Germany and the United States, must be moderate owing to the fact that they are very influenced by foreign exchange rate euro/dollar very favorable to Germany.

The history of the construction of the administration of tourism in France

The construction of the administration of tourism (1910 - 1962)

The first administration of tourism appears in 1910 with the creation of an national office of tourism on the initiative of Alexandre Millerand, Minister for Labor public. At the same time the Superior council of tourism is created, consultative body.

The law of September 24th, 1919 widens competences of the National office of tourism and fixes its financial means. The first office of tourism is born in London in 1920, as well as an Office of tourist information “House of France” located at the Champs Elysées, in Paris.

The State will start to become aware of the interest to develop the tourist activity for the period of between two wars. Several initiatives will be launched. One can quote as example the hotel Credit which will allow the development of tourist lodgings.

It is at this same period that France seems the first tourist destination in the world.

The General police station with tourism and the National committee of expansion of tourism and hydrotherapy succeed the National office of Tourism in 1935. A first regulation of the professions is born also.

Paid vacations appear in 1936. They will be the principal factor of the democratization of tourism by giving access to the holidays a greater number of our fellow-citizens.

In 1946, the general police station is reconstituted, becoming head office of tourism in 1952 and restores like police station with tourism of 1959 to 1974. On this date form the current organization of the administration of tourism takes.

The development of the administration of tourism (1962 with today)

The time of the large building sites (1962-1973)

This period corresponds to the installation within the framework of the national planning of many projects which have as an main objective to support the growth, to reduce imbalances of the territory and to offer an alternative to the emergence of new tourist destinations like Spain.

This period will result in the launching of important programmes of installation of the littorals (Languedoc-Roussillon) and the development of the winter sports resorts. Tourism is successively attached to the public Town and country planning and Equipment, Transport and Ministries of Labor.

Evolution of manners: towards better controlled tourism (1974-1980)

Recent tourist installations are called in question. One will choose softer forms of development better integrated in the landscape and which will fall under the duration. The State adopts directives for the installation and the protection of the littoral and the mountain.

Tourism is then attached to the ministries for the Quality of the Life, the Culture and the Environment, finally of the Youth of the sports and the leisures.

True economic recognition of tourism (1981 - today)

The territorial collectivities invest massively in the tourist projects thanks to the decentralization which widens their fields of competence (Law of 1985).

In parallel, tourism gets for the foreign trade the surpluses of a tourist balance almost each consolidated year. Tourism seems from now on a true industry.

March 30th, 1982 is created the National agency for the accounts - checks holidays (ANCV), public corporation related to commercial industrial and having for mission of contributing to the development of tourism for all.

July 7th, 1982 is created the National agency for tourist Information (ANIT).

March 21st, 1984 east creates Groupement d'Interet Economique “Welcome France”. From 1986 to 1988: a Secretary of State to Tourism is named near the Minister of Industry.

The actions of promotion are gathered within one Groupement d'Interet Economique “House of France”. This GIE will replace the ANIT, Bienvenue France, integrates the subdirectorate of the promotion of the direction of tourism industries and will ensure the animation of the services of French tourism abroad.

From 1988 to 1993: a deputy secretary with Tourism is named near the Minister of Industry.

Creation of the National observatory of Tourism (A) in 1993, tool for public data dissemination on tourism. The French Agency of Tourist Engineering (AFIT) is created the same year and has the principal role to adapt the French tourist offer to the evolutions of the company and consumption for better answering the request.

The direction of Tourism replaces the direction of tourism industries in 1993, it is charged to work out and implement the general policy of tourism.

From 1993 to 1995: tourism is attached to the ministry for the Equipment, Transport and Tourism.

At the beginning of 1995, a minister is in charge of Tourism then, until 1997, it becomes delegated minister in charge for tourism.

From 1997 in May 2002: a Secretary of State is in charge of tourism. The secretariat of State to Tourism is attached ministry for the Equipment, Transport and Housing.

1998 see the creation of the Stock Exchange Solidarity Holidays, grouping of public interest placed under the authority of the minister in charge for Tourism within the framework of the law of fight and prevention against exclusions.

Competences of the State were fixed by the law of the bearing December 23rd, 1992 distribution of competences in the field of tourism. Certain provisions of this law are in the course of reform within the framework of the relative bill to the local responsibilities currently under examination before the Parliament.

source: http://www.tourisme.gouv.fr/fr/z1/ministere_delegue/historique/

Consequences

The consequences of tourism can be:

• a Privatization of the inheritance;
• a confusion of the ecosystems;
• a folklorisation of the companies;
• the consumption of manners.

See too

Random links:

Forbidden City COP | Cethlenn | Chester Mr. Franklin | The Hand off Fate | Christian Bernadac