Toni Negri

Antonio Negri , born the 1933 with Padoue (Italy), is philosophical and Italian politician.

Biography

Young professor at the Institute of political sciences of the university of Padoue, in the Sixties, it takes part in the drafting of the review " Quaderni Rossi" - with Mario Tronti, Romano Alquati, Raniero Panzieri -, and contributes to found starting from a Marxist mobility hétérodoxe (in total rupture with the NCV of the time) what one called the “Opéraïsme”. In 1969, it is one of the founders, with others - of which Oreste Scalzone -, group Potere Operaio, which car-will dissolve in 1973. It then takes part in the autonomous Mouvement Italian of Autonomia OPeraia through the Working Political Collectives and the newspaper Rosso . It defends a design of the Opéraïsme which stresses the concept d'" workman social" and to the old figure " is opposed; workman-masse". In France, the " group; Comrades " (1974-1978) will be inspired largely by its ideas.

Translator of the writings of philosophy of the right of Hegel, specialist in the legal Formalism, and Descartes, Kant, Spinoza, Leopardi, Marx or Dilthey, it taught the " doctrines of Etat" at the university of Padoue, of which it directed the Institute of Political sciences, with the National university of the street of Ulm, with the Université Paris VII and that of Paris VIII, to the international Collège of philosophy and to the European Université of philosophy. It is stopped on April 7th, 1979, at the time of an investigation into terrorism. It makes four years and half of prison into preventive in districts of high security. He is discharged in the lawsuits most serious and bleached certain charges, but condemned to thirty years of prison for " association subversive" , " plot against État" and " insurrection armée" , sorrow which will be thereafter reduced at 17 years. Whereas it is in prison, in June 1983, it is elected appointed Italian Radical party, which enables him to temporarily escape detention thanks to the parliamentary privilege from which profits very appointed. When Parliament, with very a small majority (four votes which is those of the deputies… radical party which however made it elect), decides to raise this immunity, it escapes for France. It was given since systematic payments concerning its bonds supposed with the Red Brigades and its alleged responsibility in the assassination for Aldo Moro; but its bonds with certain subversive groups, and its activity within the protest movement social (sometimes violent demonstrations, publication of reviews and books, organizations of strikes and sabotages in the oil-bearing and chemical factories of Marghera, in Venezia) were worth to him a judgment by contumacy at 30 years of prison. This sorrow, thereafter, was reduced to seventeen years and four months. Amnesty International very early denounced the Italian political lawsuits and the repression of the dispute. Certain French intellectuals in particular gave as of end of the year 70 their support for Negri and his/her comrades (for example, Gilles Deleuze, Felix Guattari, Jean-Pierre Faye, Michel Foucault). Antonio Negri, after several last years in France, without papers but protected by the " Mitterrand" doctrines; like the majority of the " emigrate politiques" Italian, is turned over voluntarily to Italy in July 1997 there to finish its sorrow and to seek to find a " solution politique" at the years of lead. After six years and half of detention, of which the half in mode of semi-freedom, it was the subject of a final release in April 2003. Often criticized, even decried in Italy and systematically associated with the " years of plomb" (one continues for example to affirm that he was the occult chief of the Red Brigades whereas justice established its total strangeness with Br, and that the brigadists themselves are made indignant at such a " parenté"), Negri is the subject of a definitely higher prestige in France and in the Anglo-Saxon countries, where he became an intellectual of reference. It in particular sold more than one million specimens of the book which it has Co-writing with Michael Hardt, Empire . He lives since 2003 between Paris and Venice.

After having founded and Co-directhaving directed with Jean-Marie Vincent the review Future former in the years 1990, it directs the Italian review Posse today, and in addition forms part of the international editorial board of the French review Multitudes (directed by Yann Moulier-Boutang).

Philosophy

Philosopher worried by the question of the policy, his fundamental problems is to put in bond the ontology and the construction of an antagonistic subjectivity - that one can call “Marxist”, but who is actually Communiste. This will traversed all its work since the Seventies and was clarified in contact with the post-structuralist schools French. It was a meeting between methods and from the points of view resulting from cultural mediums different which seized the same problems, whose main thing was, according to the proper terms of Negri, to include/understand “how to detach the description of the life from the description of the capacity”.

One of the intellectual folds which characterizes its political philosophy is to reverse the usual representation of the controlling/controlled reports/ratios: for Negri, the capacity does not crush the subjects, it runs to them afterwards. That is true, in particular, of the capital report/ratio/work: “the fights of the Prolétariat constitute - with the ontological direction of the term - the engine of the capitalist development”, rather than the reverse.

Engagements

Toni Negri is one of the theorists and the burning promoter of a " income guaranteed " , i.e. of an income disconnected from employment: in Empire (2000), with Hardt, he proposes for example the establishment of a world minimum wage , bases material of a world citizenship . This claim refers of him major theoretical for certain components of the movements of unemployed, of precarious S and intermittent S. It is it also which separates it from the traditional left, attached to employment like base of the social organization, and to full employment like horizon of the economic policies.

In the current altermondialist, Toni Negri belongs to the tendency which supported “yes” on the project of Traité Consitutionnel Européen, likely in its eyes of " to make disappear this shit from State-nation" (Release, May 13rd, 2005)

Quotations

“To be capable of a radical separation of our reality, of an abandonment and an absence which put to us again in contact with the other, with the given up friend, the reality which had dispersed. ” ( Art and multitude )
“Once we destroyed, cut out, déconstruit reality, it remains to us this wire network metal, strong, human construction full with power. It is here that work continues. We seize ourselves these wire and let us duplicate we them, are formed new figures thus, think new realities. Imagination releases. In the horizon to be it, freedom is higher, the power approaches the possibility. In this manner, one can foresee new subjectivitys, new sphere of activities, new syntheses of co-operation. ” ( Art and multitude )

Works published in French

goodbye mister socialism , Threshold, 2007
Factory of porcelain , Stock, 2006
Slow broom: test on the ontology of Giacomo Leopardi , Kimé Editions, 2006
Art and multitude: nine letters on art , EPEL, 2005
Job, the force of the slave , written in 1982-1983 during its stay in the Italian prisons.
Of the return. Alphabetical biopolitic , Calmann-Levy, 2002
Kairos, Alma Come, multitude: nine lessons in the form of exercises , Calmann-Levy, 2000
'' Exil '', Thousand and One Nights, 1997
constituting Capacity: test on the alternatives of modernity , PUF, 1997
subversive Spinoza: variations (in) current , Kimé, 1994
red and black Italy: newspaper February 1983 - November 1983 , Hatchet, 1985
the wild Anomaly: power and capacity at Spinoza , PUF, 1982, rééd. Amsterdam editions, 2007
“Sabotage and working autovalorisation” in '' Usines and workmen, figures of the new productive order '', Maspero, 1980
Marx beyond Marx: books of work on the “Grundrisse” , Bourgois, 1979 (republication Harmattan, 1996)
the Working class against the State , Galileo, 1978

Works in collaboration

GlobAL. Fights and to biopouvoir per hour of universalization: the exemplary case of the Latin America (in collaboration with Guiseppe Cocco), Amsterdam Editions, 2007
Multitude: war and democracy at the time of the Empire (in collaboration with Michael Hardt), the Discovery, 2004
Empire (in collaboration with Michael Hardt), Exiles, 2000
the Basin of immaterial work in the Parisian metropolis (in collaboration with Antonella Corsani and Maurizio Lazzarato), Harmattan, 1996
Of the companies not like the others: Benetton in Italy, the Path in Paris (in collaboration with Maurizio Lazzarato, Yann Moulier-Boutang and Giancarlo Santilli), Publisud, 1993
New spaces of freedom (in collaboration with Felix Guattari), editions Dominique Bedou, 1985

External bonds

Articles and works on line

the book Worsens (in English)
Around Essaim: electronic review (talks, conferences, audio assemblies and video)
Negri and Hardt, Empire and other writings (Spanish, Portuguese, Italian)
Toni Negri, Multitudes contributions
Maurizio Lazzarato and Toni Negri, immaterial Work and subjectivity
Marx' S Mole is Dead (Hardt)
Marx Beyond Marx: Let us injure one the Grundrisse (Spanish translation) (2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
The Savage Anomaly (precise)
The Labor off Dionysus (precise)
Insurgencies (precise)
Negri Links (U. Virginia)
Italy One Year After Genoa
And Thus Began the Fall off Empire
Negri&Hardt, The Informatization off Production (2000)
Negri Links (U. Virginia)
Philosophy' S Hostage (Michael Hardt)
MULTITUDE, war and democracy in the old off empire (Antonio Negri & Michael Hardt)

Critical sources

Cleaver, Harry Reading Capital Politically
Texas Archives off Autonomist Marxism
Witheford Nick Autonomist Marxism and the Information Society
The Worsens Does Not Exist
Wright, The Limits off Negri' S Class Analysis
Marxists.org (library off readings)
Negrisme & Tute bianche: a counter-revolution of left , Mutines Seditions (2004)
" The case Toni Negri" , article of the diplomatic World of April 1998.

Biographical sources

Eurozine brief biography
The Negri continuation
Documents one Negri continuation 1979
Chronology off Negri arrest
Italy: Behind the Ski Mask, New York Review off Books (Volume 26, Number 13 · August 16,1979)

Reviews

Multitudes
Files Former Future

Talks

“the against-empire attacks”, discussion with Toni Negri, Vacarme , n°13, autumn 2000.

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