Tolerance

Political tolerance

The concept of tolerance is primarily a concept political and legal which was developed by philosophy from 17th and 18th centuries, that is to say at one time when in Europe the civil wars prevailed known as wars of religion (i.e. one time when the religion was the vehicle of political conflicts leading to wars). It was developed to put an end to it, by defining the rules and conditions to which the diversity of the ideas, opinions and beliefs, could be supported and tolerated in the same company, without to endanger it by creating incompatible divisions. The author of reference for the theory of the tolerance is, initially, English John Locke.

Social tolerance

The social tolerance is the capacity of acceptance of a person or a group in front of what is not similar to its values morals or the standards established by the company.

What the tolerance is not

One often tends to compare the tolerance to concepts which appear basically different, although close on certain points.

Indifference

The indifference is not to test neither pleasure, nor pain, vis-a-vis so that one perceives. There at all does not need tolerance vis-a-vis the things for which one does not test emotion. For example, a person for which the questions of religion is not a concern, cannot be described as tolerant or intolerant out of religious matter.

The tender

The tender is acceptance under the constraint. So that there is tolerance, it is necessary that there is deliberate choice. One can be tolerant only with what one has the capacity (to test) to prevent.

Indulgence

Indulgence further goes than the tolerance, in that which it is a provision with kindness, with leniency, a facility to be forgiven, whereas the tolerance can be condescending.

Permissiveness

Permissiveness, just like indulgence, further go than the tolerance. It is distinguished from indulgence by the absence of reference to the feelings. It is defined as a propensity to allow without condition.

The respect

The respect supposes that one includes/understands and shares the values of a person or an idea whose authority or value acts on us. By the respect, we judge something or somebody favorably; on the other hand, by the tolerance, we try to support something or somebody independently of the judgment that we carry to him: we can hate what we tolerate, to accept with against heart. The feeling to feel respected can only lead to our blooming.

Tolerance and ideal

The tolerance is generally regarded as a Vertu, because it tends to avoid the conflicts. Thus Kofi Annan said it that The tolerance is a virtue which makes peace possible.

In certain philosophies, like the Buddhist philosophy, the tolerance is the first step towards the equanimity, i.e. acceptance without effort. The tolerance towards what attacks us, is a exercise to be practiced on oneself.

The tolerance is a exercise and a conquest on oneself.

The spirit of tolerance is art to be happy in company of the others.

Tolerance and reprobation

However, one generally considers that there is no tolerance without aggression, i.e. one can be tolerant only vis-a-vis what disturbs us (i.e. it with what one is not in agreement) but which one accepts by respect of the individual (the humanism) or for the defense of an ideal of freedom (the Libéralisme).

The tolerance by respect of the individual could be formulated like: I am not agreement with you, but I let you make by respect of the différences.

The tolerance for the defense of an ideal of freedom, is illustrated perfectly by a famous quotation allotted in way apocryphal book to Voltaire ¹: I am not agreement with what you said, but I will fight until the end so that you can the dire. That seems a summary of what Voltaire said on Helvétius to the article Homme of the Questions about the Encyclopedia : I loved the author of the book Of the Spirit. This man was better than all his enemies together; but I never approved neither the errors of his book, nor the commonplace truths which it outputs with emphase. I took his party highly, when absurd men condemned it for these truths mêmes.

The tolerance is either a choice dictated by a conviction, or a condescending choice. In all the cases, so that there is tolerance, it is necessary that there is deliberate choice. One can be tolerant only with what one has the capacity to try to prevent. Acceptance under the constraint is the Soumission.

Since the Years 1950, the tolerance is generally defined like a frame of mind of opening to the other. It is a question of admitting manners of thinking and of acting different from those which one has oneself.

It is all the more difficult to include/understand a behavior (and if required to accept it) that one does not know the origins of them. This is why the education is often regarded as a vector of tolerance.

Thus Helen Keller said The best result of education is the tolerance.

Civil tolerance

Mentalities evolving/moving - on certain subjects - more quickly than the laws, there exists a shift between social morals (that which a legitimate group) and the civic laws. Thus, certain provisions of the law can, at a moment given, being recognized unsuited and, so to be applied only partially or any more, fault of means.

One can quote in example:

the Brothels, establishments of Prostitution formerly regulated by the French law then prohibited in 1946, by the law Marthe Richard, in the name of a change of the design of the role of the Woman S in the company France of the Convention of New York of December 2nd, 1949 on the repression of the draft of the human beings and the exploitation of the prostitution of others -->. It thus is not of tolerance but about imposition of a new standard.

nearer to us, it not application of the laws on the consumption of Drogue S considered wrongly or rightly as “soft”, which is to support what one cannot control .

The modes of enforcement of the law which should depend on the decrees which promulgate them, often depend in fact on the availability of the capacity to make them apply. For example, the decrees Jean Zay (1936) envisage the prohibition of the wearing of signs religious and political in the French schools, however, it not application of these decrees led the authorities to subject a new law on the same subject in 2004.

Thus Georges Clémenceau said in To the evening of the thought , Any tolerance becomes with long acquired right.

The tolerance according to Locke

Historically, the first concept of tolerance is that defended by John Locke in his Lettre on the tolerance , which is defined by the formula cease fighting what one cannot change .

From a social point of view, it is a question of supporting what is contrary with the Morale (or the ethical ) of the group posed like an absolute. It is mainly about reaction vis-a-vis a behavior which one considers bad, but that one accepts because one cannot make differently. It is thus starting from a glorification of the suffering that an ethical design of the tolerance is established.

The respect of the individual and his ideas intervenes only as from the moment when one cannot convene the public power against his way of doing and this respect overall appears in the right only as from 1948 and of the Universal declaration of the human rights.

Within this framework, the tolerance is not an individual value, but a dynamism evolving/moving between the reception of the rule and the aptitude of the capacity to make it respect.

This concept of tolerance thus depends in the way in which the capacity conceives its relation with the Vérité and on the means which it is laid out to invest to put forward this design.

Example

Contemporary debates on the Homosexuality. As long as the public power regarded the practices of this minority as a Délit, it was easy to threaten homosexual of the loss of its work or to organize huntings for homosexual the which remained unpunished. Since the offense disappeared from the Penal code of the majority of the democratic countries, one respects the individuals while expressing against the projects aiming at granting to them, according to the points of view, either the full pleasure of the Human rights, or an absolute symmetry with the heterosexuality.

The tolerance according to John Rawls

The American Philosopher John Rawls, in his work of moral philosophy has Theory off Justice ( a Theory of justice ), establishes that the tolerance is a virtue necessary to the establishment of a company right. But it raises the question Does one have to tolerate the intolerant ones? . Rawls answers it positively, indicating not to tolerate them would be intolerant and be thus an injustice. On the other hand it establishes that a tolerant company has the right, and the duty, to protect itself and that this imposes a limit on the tolerance: a company does not have any obligation to tolerate acts or members dedicated to his extermination.

discussion:

The “theory of justice” refers to “a company right”, whose members would be for the majority tolerant, and able to tolerate the intolerant ones. One can legitimately oppose “a tolerant company to him”, which implies for each one of its members, the practice of the “mutual tolerance”, and excludes permissiveness and the intolerable one.

the tolerance in Islam: http://labregesurlislam.xooit.com

religious Tolerance

The religious tolerance is an attitude adopted in front of confessions of faith different or public demonstrations from different religions. Example, the edict of Tolerance of 1787 (France) authorizes the construction of places of worships for the Protestants provided that their bell-tower is less high than that of the Catholic churches.

The word, in its modern direction, is worth like rejection or judgment; the sect, it is the Church of the other.

It is necessary to differentiate three fields from religious tolerance. First of all, the tolerance registered in the crowned texts to which the religion refers. Then, the interpretation which was made by it by the religious authorities. Lastly, the tolerance of the faithful one, which, although guided by its faith, does not remain less individual about it.

Although each religion evolved/moved more or less independently, one notes three main tendencies related to three great periods of the History.

Ancient polytheism

In the ancient polytheism (before the Christian era), it is frequent to note exchanges of divinities of a the Pantheon with the other, in particular in Northern Europe and the the Middle East. One can quote for example the case of the civilization of the ancient Egypt, for which the religious tolerance was a pillar (except for the period of Akhénaton) and whose country sheltered, at many times, temples of foreign divinities (Baal, Astarté, etc). In the same way for Rome with the adoption of the goddess Isis.

One cannot in the case of speak about tolerance the Roman Pantheon whose Culte merges with that of the city, then of the emperor starting from Auguste.

On the one hand the religion is not conceived like an expression of the relation of an individual to a divinity, but as the relation of one individual at the Roman company where it must be integrated, or like the relation of a city to its destiny (Louis Gernet, the Roman religion , Albin Michel). The Old Romans know only a religio : theirs; but, thereafter, the Roman culture hellénise and opens with worships very different from the mos maiorum (the habit); other worships, if they cannot be collected (procedure of captatio ) are regarded as superstitio . At the time of the apologists, Celse testifies that it is not a question, with regard to the Christianisme, of tolerance like opening to the values of others , but of tolerance with what does not destroy the law and order. Only the Judaïsme profits from the statute of religio sold by auction beside the national religion.
the importation of the Eastern worships (Isis, Mithra, etc) by the Roman soldiers having taken part in the Eastern battles, represents on the contrary a modification of the religious feeling. of exchange it is not a question divinities but to regard itself as devout of Isis what does not prevent the participation in the urban worships. To some extent, the worship of Isis replaces the family divinities at the wandering soldier.

It is only in 311 that a edict of tolerance, the edict of Milan issues the freedom of all the worships.

Monotheism

With the development of the monotheism (judaïque, Christian, then Islamic) the concept of exclusiveness in the divine one appears.

Judaism: You will not have other gods in front of my face. , (Exodus 20,3).
Christianity: I believe in a God, the Father the Almighty, Créateur of the sky and the ground. (Symbol of the Apostles, 2nd century)

Catholicism: in 392 Ambroise of Milan obtains Théodose II an edict authorizing the setting with died of Jews, of pagan, and the heretics .
Protestantism: Will we say that it is necessary to allow the freedom of conscience? Not less of the world, if it is a question of freedom of adoring God each one with his own way. It is a diabolic dogma. , Theodore de Bèze, 1570. In that Theodore de Bèze is excellent the first 150 year old witness of Protestantism which was quite as authoritative as the Catholicisme. However the turning was taken with John Locke and its letter on the tolerance intervening in the conflict between the current Calvin dogmatic ist and and the Showing again.

Islam: It is of other god only Allah but also not of constraint in religion (Coran 256/2)

It is thus understood that the tolerance is not an intrinsic virtue of such or such religion but depends on the choice of its men and its hierarchies like theirs capacity to be joined a capacity.

The interreligieux dialog

The tolerance does not have thus from time immemorial not existed . Already Plato, according to a rumor hawked by Diogène Laërce, would have liked to burn in public place works of Démocrite. The opening of the Greek culture to the cultures external and the continual dialog of the philosophers between them generated a intellectual climate tended but favourable with the exchanges and the reflection. It is the philosophy of the lights which transforms what seemed a weakness at Augustin d' Hippone, theorist of legitimate persecution, such as Bossuet presented it.

The symbol of the turning is this sentence of Voltaire: I do not like your ideas but I will fight so that you can express them . It constitutes a intellectual movement then fighting against intolerances of Christianity: Of all the religions, the Christian woman is undoubtedly that which must inspire the most tolerance, though up to now the Christians were most intolerant of all the men. ( philosophical Dictionary , article “Tolerance” 7).

The development of the religious Sciences in the German philosophy of the 19th century century allowed the implementation of a laic knowledge on the religious phenomenon which is perceived like a threat by the religions. Such was the stake of the modernistic Crise, such is still the stake of many conflicts having to see with the religious phenomenon.

The means of transport and of communication of the 19th century and the 20th century allowed cultural exchanges which do not facilitate the interreligieux dialog as much. The democratization of the voyage is done by the method of the voyage organized which seldom allows the meeting of the indigenous one. On the other hand, the exchanges of students, reserved up to now for the higher classes of the developed countries, could improve the situation by financing Europeans, such program ERASME.

Because of vocation of the majority of the religions to teach only what they believe true indicating by all alternatives of the false all that they did not express themselves (method of the épicycle S copernic iens described for the first time in the religious field by John Hick in God Has Many Names (1988) and popularized by since by Régis Debray in crowned Fire: Function of the monk , Beech, 2003), one cannot say that the religious culture of average European has largely advanced.

The reflection on the religious Truth, however started well by Michel de Certeau s.j in the invention of the daily newspaper, T. II: manners of believing was taken again by no religion. The believing is unaware of thus crowned others and requires same others reverence in what believes him, reverence that it is not ready to express with regard to its interlocutors.

How the current religions conceive do the Tolerance?

See specialized article: religious Tolerance

Technical tolerance

The tolerance in technique is the acceptable margin of error, or the capacity of resistance to an aggression.

In the sciences applied, the tolerance is often synonymous with capacity of resistance to a problem, an aggression, for example the inertia of materials or its resistance to a chemical corrosion.

The tolerance is a notion used in the branches of mathematics relating to error analyzes, the statistics and uncertainties.

The tolerance is a basic concept of the Métrologie.

mechanical Engineering

Tolerance of the materials between them
Tolerance with the damage
Allowance machining, adjustment
Metrology

Electronic

From their very critical techniques of manufacture, all the electronics components have operating ranges and outputs rather irregular, those being able to vary the simple one with the double - even more for the profits of the transistors. The electronics industry thus set up a whole system of location and marking of the tolerances on the components. Very often, it is only after certain tests of validation that the marking of the components is carried out with the adequate indications.

Data-processing

The Software S data processing, from their increasing complexity, are not perfect and have a more or less great capacity to tolerate the errors of all kinds: internal errors, human errors of seizure, errors of the material, or errors of program S third . Which, if they are badly managed can induce failures and thus an erratic behavior of the computer, which is supposed never not to make an error.

A majority of the problems of tolerance of the software comes owing to the fact that the Développeur S too often presuppose the beach of data which the program will receive on behalf of the systems interacting with him (user, operating system, etc). Apart from the bugs coming from the programming errors, the dysfunctions of the programmess are often due to situations not envisaged.

Immunology

In Immunology, the tolerance is the capacity of an organization to accept the presence of foreign bodies in its environment. This tolerance has an major importance in the process of Clerc's Office S of Organe S.

More: immunological Tolerance.

Monetary tolerance

In the monetary vocabulary the tolerance indicates the allowed maximum change between the actual Titer or weight and the legal equivalent of a currency.

External bonds

http://www.tolerance.ca Canadian. Tolerance.ca publishes English and French articles. Independent and neutral compared to any political orientation or nun,

Tolerance.ca aims at making known the democratic great principles on which the tolerance rests.

Praise of intolerance in the name of the values
Intolerance
freedom and the tolerance Christian women on Philosophical Bouquet, Christian site
tolerance.org (in English)

---- 1. The only known version of this quotation is of the writer English Evelyn Beatrice Hall, The Friends off Voltaire , 1906. To believe certain commentators (Norbert Guterman, has off Book French Quotations , 1963), it would put back on a letter of February 6th, 1770 to an abbot the Rich person where Voltaire would say: Mister the abbot, I hate what you write, but I will give my life so that you can continue to write.

The major problem it is that, if you consult the letter itself, the sentence does not appear there, nor even the idea. As it is short, better is worth to quote it very whole to put a final point at this legend:

has Mr. the RICH PERSON ,

HAS AMIENS.

February 6th.

You left, Sir, of Welches for of Welches. You will find everywhere barbarians obstinate. The number of wise will be always small. It is true that it is increased; but it is nothing in comparison the stupid ones; and, by misfortune, one says that God is always for the big battalions. It is necessary that the decent people are held tight and covers. There is not average that their small troop tackles the party of the fanatics in open country.

I was very sick, I at died every winter; it is what makes, Sir, who I answered you so late. I am not less touched by it a your memory. Continue to me your friendship; it comforts me my evils and stupidities of mankind.

Receive the insurances, etc

Voltaire, moreover, did not hesitate to wish the censure against the works which he did not like. Here what he writes in the article “Atheism” of the philosophical Dictionary:

Aristophane (this man that the commentators admire because it was Greek, not thinking that Socrate was Greek also), Aristophane was the first which accustomed the Athenians to look at Socrate like an atheist.

the tanners, the shoe-makers and the dressmakers of Athens applauded a joke in which one represented Socrate raised in the air in a basket, announcing that there was God, and praising itself to have stolen a coat by teaching philosophy. Whole people, whose bad government authorized of so infamous licenses , deserved well what arrived to him, to become the slave of the Romans, and to be it today Turks.

Simple: Tolerance

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