The toilets sports shirt is a collective Sport watery opposing two trainings of seven players. It was codified in Great Britain at the end of the 19th century and becomes Olympic sport in 1900.
the dictionaries Larousse, Robert and Littré write water polo .

History

An alternative of the toilets sports shirt was practiced in old Rome. Popular among legionaries, they propagated it through all the empire. The play was practiced in the swimming pools of the thermal baths.

It is then necessary to await 1869 to see the members of the British club of swimming of Bournemouth practicing a play to which the rules are rather close to the modern toilets sports shirt. The first rules are enacted in 1870 by the club of swimming of London. In 1876, the rules are published. The first match interclubs is held in 1874 in London. The first international match takes place in 1890. It puts at the catches England and Scotland. The first championship, that of England, begin in 1888.

An American version of the play develops starting from 1897. It is a play more violent than its British counterpart. The Americans practice this softball (not to be confused with the sport derived from the Baseball) until the Années 1930, but agree to comply with the British rules since 1914.

The toilets sports shirt are sport Olympic as of 1900 and pass under the control of FINA in 1911. A championship of the world is set up starting from 1913. The British dominate the prize lists until the Années 1920. The France, the Belgium, the Sweden, the Hungary and the Germany compete then with the British creators. After the Second world war, the Italy, the Yugoslavia and the the USSR come to join the world elite.

The play evolves/moves, in particular under the impulse of the Hungarians, where the play is extremely popular. As of 1928, the trainer Bela Komjadi changes the technical data and tactics into inventing the dry master key, i.e. carried out so that the player in reception can catch the balloon before it touches water.

Among principal the poloïstes, let us quote the Hungarians Tibor Benedek, Gyorgy Brody, Deszo Gyarmati, Oliver Halassy, Marton Hommonai, Tivadar Kanisza, Gyogy Karparti and Istvan Szivos, the Italians Gildo Arena, Francesco Attolico, Alessandro Bovo, Paolo Caldarella, Mario Majoni, Eraldo Pizzo, Amadeo Pomilio and Carlo Silipo, the Spaniards Daniel Ballart, Manuel Estiarte and Sergio Perdrerol, the Germans Gunst Fritz and Erich Rademacher, them Croats Andrei Belofastov and Tonislav Paskavlin, the Yugoslavians Igor Milanovic, Dusan Popovic, Ratko Rudic and Mirko Sandic, the British Paul Radmilovic, Charles Smith and Georges Wilkinson, the Russian Dimitri Apanasenko, the Belgian Victor Boin and the French Henri Padou. The Tunisians Usama Bouhadida

Principles of the play

The team

A team is composed of 13 players including 6 substitutes. Those can enter concerned constantly starting from their own zone of exclusion (beyond the line of goal), as from the moment when the team is in possession of the ball. A goalkeeper and 6 players of field evolve/move in water at the same time, for each team.

The guard wears the bonnet numbered 1, of red color. The other players change numbered bonnets from 2 to 13. The team which plays in residence wears the white bonnets, the visitors, the blue bonnets.

Course of the match

An official match breaks up into 4 periods 8 minutes each one of effective play (less if the level is moin high). These periods are separated by safe rest periods 2 minutes between 2nd and the 3rd period when the rest is 5 minutes. Each team can ask for 3 one minute idle periods when it is in possession ball (attacks). These rules apply for the players “Juniors” and also for the “Tiny ones”

Regulate the 30 seconds

A team has 30 seconds to the maximum to draw with the goal, in the contrary case the ball changes camp As soon as an attacker draws and that the ball returns to him or goes in corner, the 30 seconds are re-initialized. It is in the same way when a defender is excluded (temporarily or definitively).

Players

The 6 players of field usually organize themselves in a half-circle, to 7-8 meters of the unfavourable goal, with a player in the center (called point or center before ). This station is rather particular because the player faces his fellow-members, and thus turns the back on the unfavourable guard. Its role is to recover a master key, often made on water, to turn its defender (the back points or center postpones ) to find itself vis-a-vis the guard and to draw quickly. The play points/back point is very committed and very physics since a certain tolerance is left to the two players. The arbitration is rather difficult, since one only sees very little what occurs under water: to each match of the blows are carried to many recoveries and it is not rare to see disappearing the two players in a foaming water. At the time of the finale " mémorable" Olympic Games which opposed the USSR to Hungary in full Cold war, the competition between the two countries caused an outburst of violence on the ground, so much so that at the end of the match the swimming pool had taken a red color blood!!

Faults

The right of load is authorized on the carrier of ball. Practically, a great freedom to maneuver is left to the defenders to operate the carrier of the ball, other than the blows aiming at the head. It should well be known that the referees (2 located on the edges of the basin) have only one very limited vision from what occurs under water.

Various faults:

  • simple Fault. The ball must be handled with only one hand (except for the guard). It should not be under water. The player can be based on no part of the basin (goals, edges or bottom of the basin) during the time of play (if a guard is pressed on the edge of the basin, a penalty is whistled against his team). He is also interdict to strike the balloon with the fist (except for the guard), and of launching water an adversary.
  • Serious errors. A fault made on an attacker in the zone of the 5  meters is sanctioned by a penalty, if this last is in position to mark, drawn on the line from the 5  meters.
  • To swim on the back of its adversary, to strike its adversary involuntarily involves an serious error with 20 seconds exclusion (with the third serious error, the player is excluded from the match definitively and is replaced).
  • Certaines serious errors (for example the voluntary disturbance of the play) is sanctioned by a Final Exclusion With replacement (EDA), if the fault is more serious (for example, a voluntary blow), the player is excluded from the match and cannot be replaced by a member of his team during 4 minutes of effective play, it is then a Final Exclusion Without immediate replacement (EDS).

The adventure playground

Surface : 30  meters by 20  meters for the male matches (if the basin is rather large if not possibility of playing in 25m) and 25m by 20 for the female matches.

Several lines symbolized by studs, materialize the surface of play.

  • a red line (2  meters): zone of except play. An attacker cannot penetrate there, except if the ball is already in this zone or that the master key is already carried out (air ball).
  • an yellow line (5  meters): zone of penalty, and inside which one cannot draw from frankly direct blow.
  • a white line: medium of the ground, and line of handing-over concerned after a goal.

Men and women

The men and the women do not play whole in the adult categories (until of junior). The men play longer than the women, the women have a smaller and lighter balloon and (in general) a smaller ground.

play…

The toilets male sports shirt exist since 1870 whereas the toilets female sports shirt appeared only at the beginning of the 20th century.

Olympic Games:

For the men, the toilets sports shirt were allowed with the Olympic program in 1900. For the women, the toilets sports shirt were allowed like disciplines Olympic only in 2000, with the Plays of Sydney. Before 2000, the women were by teams of 11 and since these plays, they are by teams of 13 like the men (mainly thanks to Canadian).

Competitions

Internal bonds

The Bload Bowl: a sport derived from the toilets sports shirt.

Random links:Orchis goat | Verdigris | BioWall | The Inhabitant of infinite, volume 6 | Arnold Piggott

© 2007-2008 speedlook.com; article text available under the terms of GFDL, from fr.wikipedia.org