The II E millenium began on January 1st 1001 and was completed the December 31st 2000.

Big events

11th century

12th century

  • Towards 1100: in China, apogee of the Dynasty Song, with Song of north, industrial revolution (development of the production of iron, printing works, gun, gunpowder,…)
  • 1115 : foundation of the Abbey of Clairvaux, girl of Cîteaux, by holy Bernard.
  • 1120 - 1190: Introduction of the Islamic sciences in Europe (Tolède, Palermo, Pisa, Venice,…)
  • 1137 : Basilica of saint Denis (Suger)
  • 1180: Notre Dame de Paris
  • Towards 1180: Opening of the University of Paris (Sorbonne)

13th century

  • 1204 : Bag of Constantinople by the crusaders of the Fourth crusade.
  • 1209 : beginning of the Albigensian Crusade.
  • 1209 - 1260: the Mongolian conquest extends towards China, then with the empire of Ilkhans, then in Eastern Europe (1240-1242), then with Jerusalem (1260),
  • 1211: foundation of the sultanate of Delhi, by Turks come from Afghanistan, Moslem domination on north and the center of India.
  • 1214 : Battle of Bouvines; between 1180 and 1223, Philippe Auguste restores the royal authority on the south, Normandy, Anjou, Picardy.
  • 1215 : Magna Carta, large English charter still into force, " constitution" ,
  • 1270: died of Louis IX (holy Louis) in Tunis, end of the Crusades.
  • 1271 - 1295: travel of Venetian the Marco Polo to the Far East.

14th century

  • 1304 : Birth of Pétrarque, beginning of the Rebirth in Italy (Trecento).
  • 1307 - 1314: lawsuit of the Templiers,
  • 1311 - 1312: ecumenical XVe council of Vienna, convened by Clement V, under the pressure of Philippe IV Beautiful the, to rule on the Order of Templiers.
  • 1347 - 1350: The Black Death arrives in several ports of the Mediterranean (Constantinople, Genoa, Marseilles,…) and is propagated in all Europe, killing more of the third of the European population. It will be éradiquée only at the 15th century.
  • 1368 : The Mongolian dynasty Yuan is reversed in China and is replaced by the Chinese dynasty Ming (1368-1644). Chu Yüan-chang is proclaimed emperor under the name of Hongwu and founds the dynasty of Ming with Nankin for capital.

15th century

  • 1405 - 1433: seven Chinese forwardings of the admiral Zheng He, towards Borneo, Philippines, Ceylon, Malacca, Eastern Africa, Australia, America
  • In Central America, apogee of the Aztec empire.
  • In South America (the Andes), apogee of the Empire INCA.
  • 1414 - 1418: ecumenical XVIe council of Constancy (Germany). It puts an end to the Schisme occident and condemns Jean Hus.
  • 1415 :
    • First Portuguese establishment in the city Moor of Ceuta,
    • Battle of Azincourt lost in front of the king of England Henri V,
  • 1421: installation of the Chinese capital with Beijing (capital of north), period of great Chinese prosperity with the empire Ming
  • 1429 - 1431: Jeanne d' Arc “pares” the English out of France.
  • 1431 : XVIIe ecumenical council of Basle, convened by Martin V.
  • 1453:
    • Date often adopted by the historians for the beginning of the Renaissance (in fact it started as of the Trecento in Italy: to see Pétrarque)
    • Taken Constantinople by the Othoman Turks, the Greeks flee towards Rome.
    • Invention (introduction of China?) Printing works, first bible printed in 1455,
  • In France, end of the War One hundred Year old (1453 Charles VII in Aquitaine 1477 taken of Nancy by Louis XI)
  • 1492:
  • 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas, Spanish distribution of the zones and Portuguese in America.

16th century

17th century

  • 1602 : foundation of the Company of the Dutch Eastern Indies.
  • 1607 : arrival of 105 English colonists on the site of future the Jamestown (North America).
  • 1608 : foundation of the Town of Quebec.
  • 1618 - 1648: War Thirty Year old, which affects all the Central Europe, Northern Europe, and the Alsace.
  • 1633 : Galileo condemned by the Enquiry to the residence to life, the Dominican convent of Santa Maria.
  • 1637 : Discourse on Method, of Descartes, first philosophical work published in French (of other works will follow until in 1650).
  • 1648 : Treaty of Westphalia.
  • 1664 : foundation by Colbert of the French Company of the Eastern Indies
  • 1685: Louis XIV revokes the edict of Nantes, and causes the departure of many Protestants.
  • England: English establishments in India.

18th century

19th century

  • 1800 - 1804: validation of the Civil code French, which will inspire the right in several countries of continental Europe (Cambacèrès, Bonaparte)
  • 1804 - 1815: in Europe, empire of Napoleon i: first victories (Austerlitz,…) in 1805, first defeat in 1812 in Russia)

20th century

Significant characters

By chronological order of birth date.

11th century

12th century

13th century

14th century

15th century

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century

20th century

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

11th century

  • Beginning of the introduction of the Moslem science and Greek in Europe via Gerbert d' Aurillac: algebra (Al-Khuwarizmi), astronomy,

  • Appearance of the Cogue, ship used in the Hanse (the North Sea, Baltic),
  • Use of the Compass by the Chinese, for navigation (they knew it already),
  • Apparition of the Papier in San Felipe, in Spain, in 1056, introduced by the Moslems (paper was invented in China towards IIe-IIIe front century. J. - C.),
  • In China, invention of the mobile characters in Printing works (1041), by an unknown craftsman, makes possible the press to be printed,
  • Introdution of the Zero by Gerbert d' Aurillac (introduced of India by Al-Khwarizmi),
  • Développement of the religious architecture (architect lombard Guillaume de Volpiano),
  • Technique of Peinture has fresca, or has fresco (fresco),
  • Développement of the Liberal arts and the Comput in the schools,
  • Première Chanson de geste: The Song of Roland (towards 1098),
  • Invention of the carried musical by Guido d' Arezzo,
  • Invention of the degrees of the Range according to the syllables of the anthem with Jean saint,
  • First Tapestry S (Bayeux),
  • strong Castles (out of stone).

12th century

  • In China: gun, Gunpowder, development of the industry of iron (industrial revolution).

  • Between 1120 and 1190, the second most important vagueness, of the introduction of the sciences and Muslim arts in occident (Tolède, Palermo, Pisa, Venice): mathematics, astronomy, algebra, medicine, chemistry, pharmacy, mechanics (hydraulic, lifting gear), architecture, music…
  • Introduction of Greek philosophy: Aristote, and well of others.
  • Introduction of Greek science: geometry (Euclide), geography and techniques of cartography (Ptolémée), medicine (Galien, Hippocrates),…
  • Invention of the magnetic compass about 1100,
  • Use in occident of lifting gear for the building sites of Cathedral S (first building sites of 1137 to 1180).
  • Polyphony in music (school of Notre Dame).
  • Introduction of the Lute, the Psaltérion, small the drinking cups, and the Quadrant to three cords (by the Arabs),
  • Horseshoe.
  • Introduction of the Collar of shoulder (or collar of harness), known in China, allows the development of agriculture,
  • Introduction of the Étrier in occident (known in China towards 200 avJC - 200 apJC).
  • Appearance of Plow S with wheel ( plógr ) in Scandinavia, attested in the archaeological excavations starting from XIIe century. They replace the rudimentary swing-plows ( ardhr ) used since prehistory.

13th century

  • In occident, new representation of the world, round ground according to the representation of Ptolémée

  • Development of the first University S, school Scholastic,
  • Fine of the introduction of the philosophy of Aristote in occident,
  • Introduction of the windmills since the East,
  • By the contacts with the Moslems, the Norman ones introduce the Boussole in occident and use it in the Mediterranean (Ca 1200),
  • Technique of the Vitrail.
  • Introduction of the Gunpowder (known in China for the fireworks since VIIe century),
  • Appearance of large Nave S for the Atlantic trade.
  • Use of the Rudder of stern post and the Wind vane.
  • First Portulan S, giving a representation of the coasts,
  • Appearance of the Wheelbarrow in Occident.
  • the Quenouille is replaced in several areas of occident by the wheel actuated by means of a crank to spin the textiles.

14th century

  • At the beginning of XIVe century, Génois Lanzarote Malocello discovers two islands of the archipelago of the the Canaries.

  • Improvement of the Weaving loom in Italy North, Flanders and England.
  • connecting rod-crank Couple, transforming the rotary movement into reciprocating motion (capital invention),
  • metal Gears,
  • First Clock S mechanics, about 1300,
  • Arc, crossbow (to be checked),
  • Appearance of the Paper in France (beginning of the 14th century, appearance in Spain in 1056, invented in China in IIe-IIIe front century J. - C.).

15th century

  • Beginning of the Printing works in Occident (China, 11th century), improvements by the German printer Johannes Gutenberg (1453) which consist in fact in:

    • typographical press
    • invention of the mobile characters lead alloy (the Chinese knew already the mobile characters),
    • as well as inks adhering to metal.
  • Appearance of the word clavicembalum in 1404) (Harpsichord, Italian clavicembalo),
  • Perspective in painting (Masaccio),
  • First complete cartographies of the world, representation of Mercator
  • Appearance of the three-masted ship:
  • Introduction of the Sextant in Europe (invented in India)
  • Christophe Colomb (Re) discovers America.
  • Development of the technique of the Cupola in architecture (dome of Florence),
  • Generalization of the use of the magnetic compass in occident.
  • the system the rod /manivelle, undoubtedly most important technical Innovation of the 14th century, is spread.

16th century

  • Renewal of the technique of the Stained glass, and improvement of the technique of the Glass in occident,

  • Fabric for the Painting,
  • Appearance in Mongolia of printing works using of the wood matrices, technique undoubtedly of origin Tibetan but used by the Ouïgour S and other people of Central Asia
  • Expansion of agriculture in Hungary, by the increase in sown surfaces. The scythe replaces the sickle. The large boroughs of the plain occupied by the Turks specialize in the intensive breeding of the bovines, exported towards royal Hungary, Vienna and the Germany (close to 100  000 animals per annum).

17th century

  • Awakening of a new representation of the world, the Héliocentrisme with Galileo (already appeared with Copernic, but not yet diffused),

  • Appearance of the first Newspaper (gazzetta) in Italy.
  • Pressure, vacuum (Blaise Pascal),
  • Telescope (1630),
  • Introduction of the arithmetic triangle (improperly called triangle of Pascal),
  • Cartesian Frame of reference,
  • Force of gravitation (Isaac Newton)
  • Laws of Kepler on the movement of the Planet S,
  • Movement uniformly accelerated (Galileo),
  • " Loi" of Snell (also called law of Snell-Descartes) on the Optical ,
  • Manufacture S of Tapestry S,

18th century

19th century

20th century

  • New representation of the world: universe made up of galaxies, galaxy cluster, and supercluster of galaxies, Sun turning around the center of the Milky Way, cosmological theory of the expanding universe (big bang), discovered new celestial objects (black holes, pulsars, quasars,…)

  • Discovered strong Interaction and weak Interaction,
  • Plane, brothers Wright (1903),
  • natural Radioactivity (Becquerel),
  • artificial Radioactivity,
  • Discovered new methods of telecommunication: mobile fixed telephony then, television, terrestrial networks
  • Data processing: extension starting from the Chart Hollerith.
  • electronic Applications to the Technologies the information: Computer, microcomputer, fabric (Web) and network Net Intranet, Extranet, Internet…)
  • household Apparatuses,
  • space conquest: first man in space: Youri Gagarine (1961) (first steps on the Moon: Armstrong, Aldrin (1969),
  • Artificial satellite,
  • Beginning of the Cloning.

Art and culture

11th century

12th century

13th century

14th century

15th century

16th century

17th century

Birth of the opera (Claudio Monteverdi) in the neighborhoods of 1650

18th century

19th century

20th century

Economy and company

To see: articles over periods of the world history

Beats-smg: 2 tūkstontmetis

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