Thomas Pynchon

Thomas Ruggles Pynchon Junior (born the May 8th 1937 with Glen Cove in the State of New York) is an American writer known for its works mixing absurd and scholarship.

Originating in Long Island, it began studies of engineer to the Université Cornell but stopped at the end of its second year to join the US Navy during which it spent two years. It turned over to Cornell in 1957 to follow studies of letters.

After the publication of some news at the end of the years 1950 and to the beginning of the year 1960, it published six novels which quickly classified it among the contemporary writers with accompanying notes: V. (1963), Sale by auction of the batch 49 (1966), the arc in sky of gravity (1973), Vineland (1990), Mason and Dixon (1997) and, Against the day (2006). Pynchon is also known for its refusal of any public appearance: since the years 1950, very few photographs of its face were published, which fed from many rumors, going until calling into question the reality of its identity. In 1997, shortly after the publication of Mason & Dixon , it was tracked and filmed by CNN. Irritated by this invasion of its private life, it agreed to give an interview in exchange of the not-diffusion of these photographs. When one questioned it on his nature recluse, he answered: “I believe that recluse is a word of code used by the journalists and who means which does not like to speak with the reporters ”.

The literary critic, Harold Bloom, quoted Thomas Pynchon like one of the largest American novelists of its time, of par with Don DeLillo, Philip Roth and Cormac McCarthy.

Biography

In 1937, Thomas Pynchon is born in a family from three children in Glen Cove, located on Long Island, in the State of New York. One of its ancestors, William Pynchon, emigrated in the United States on Wintrop Fleet in 1630, inaugurating a line of prosperous descendants. The origin of its family and certain features of her grandfather provided to Pynchon a source for its fictional material, in particular for its novel the arc in sky of gravity (1973).

First years

Pynchon attends the Oyster Bay High School , where it is named “student year”. He writes some news for the newspaper of his college which contains already some of the literary reasons and the recurring sets of themes that he will develop throughout his work: odd names, clashing humor, use of illicit drugs and paranoia (Pynchon, 1952-1953).

Graduate of the college in 1953 at the 16 years age, Pynchon between at the University of Cornell to study ingenieric physics there. It however leaves Cornell at the end of its second year to enter the U.S. Navy in full crisis of Suez. It turns over to Cornell in 1957 to follow an English course and publishes his first news entitled “The small rain” in the Cornell Writer in May 1959. It tells there the real experiment of a friend in the army. Thereafter however several characters or episodes of its later works will borrow freely from its own experience in the U.S. Navy.

In Cornell, Pynchon becomes the friend of Richard Fariña and both dedicate what Pynchon indicated like a “microphone-worship” with the novel of Oakley Hall Warlock. It will be reminded later its years of student in the foreword which it will write in 1983 for the novel of Fariña the future is not more what it was , initially published in 1966. Pynchon also stated to have assity at this period with courses given by Vladimir Nabokov which taught the literature with Cornell then. Nabokov states not to have not the memory of Pynchon while his wife, Véra, which classified sometimes the copies of her husband, claims to remember her singular writing, mixes cursive and printed letters. Other professors de Cornell, among whom the writer James McConkey, remember of him like gifted and talented student. In 1958, Pynchon and a classmate named Kirkpatrick Sale have write a musical comedy of science fiction, Minstral Island, which depicts a future world governed by the rules of the firm IBM (Gibbs 1994). Pynchon receives its diploma in June 1959.

First novels

The drafting of V.

After its departure of Cornell, Pychon starts to work with its first novel. In same time, it is employed, of February 1960 in September 1962, as a technical writer for the firm Boeing with Seattle. It compiles there articles for the Bomarc Service News , the newsletter which accompanies the development by the missile ground air BOMARC, deployed by U.S Air Force (see Wisnicki 2001-1). Its experiment at Boeing will inspire to him the company “Yoyodine” in V. and Sale by auction of the batch 49 . It also provided him most of the raw material of the Arc in sky of gravity . With its publication in 1963, V. receives the price of the Fondation William Faulkner of the best first novel of the year.

After its departure of Boeing, Pynchon spends its time between New York and Mexico City before intaller in California where according to certain sources it remains during the large majority of the years 1960 and the beginning of the year 1970 (Frost, 1963). The drafting of the arc in sky of gravity , its most famous work, seems to be thus unrolled mainly in an apartment of Manhattan Beach. During this period, Pynchon flirte with the lifestyle and the practices of the counter-culture hippie (see for example Gordon, 1994). However the retrospective glance that it carries on the motivations and the values of the middle studied of this period in its foreword to the man who learned slowly and in its novel Vineland are at the very least ambiguities.

In 1966, he writes a first hand report on the riots of Watts. Heading “has journey into the mind off Watts”, the article is published in the NewYork Times Magazine (Pynchon 1966). From the middle of the years 1960, Pynchon will regularly publish forewords or criticisms for a great number of novels or tests. One of the first tickets of these long series is a critic of the Hall of Warlock which appears at the sides of the comments of seven other writers in a report devoted to the wrongfully ignored novels entitled " With gift off books" in the number of December 1965 of the magazine Holiday .

Sale by auction of the batch 49

In a letter of April 1964 for its agent, Candida Donadio, Pynchon write that it faces a crisis of creativity, and that it has four novels on the way: “If I retranscribe them on paper such as they are in my head, they will constitute the literary event of the millenium” ( If they like out one paper anything like they are inside my head then it will Be the literary vent off the millennium ) (see Gussow, 1998). In December 1965, it politely declines an invitation of Stanley Edgar to teach the literature with Bennington College, guarantor whom it solved, two or three before, to write three novels at the same time. Pynchon qualifies its decision of “temporary moment of madness” ( has moment temporary insanity off) but specifies that it is too obstinate to give up only one of them of them.

The second novel of Pynchon, Sale by auction of the batch 49 , appears a few months in 1966 later. Impossible to know if it is about the one of the four novels evoked by Pynchon, but in a letter with Donadio, he writes that it is in the middle of a book, that it qualifies " food work'' ( potboiler ). When the work reaches 155 pages, it defines it as “a news with hormonal problems”.

Sale by auction of the batch 49 accepted the price of the Foundation Richard and Hilda Rosenthal shortly after his publication. More concise and linear on the narrative level that the other novels of Pynchon, it remains, with the image of these other productions, based on the comparison of culturally and historically heterogeneous elements. Its intrigue follows the traces of an old known secret postal service under the name of “The Tristero” or “Trystero” on bottom of parody of and conspiracy implying the bones of American GI of the second world war.

Just like V. , the novel contains innumerable references to science and obscure historical events and explores the peripheral fringes of the american company. Sale by auction of the batch 49 continues also the use of parodic words of songs and references to the popular culture frays with allusions érudites (one will find there in particular several allusions to the Lolita of Nabokov).

In 1968, Pynchon was one of the 447 signatories of the “Writers and Editors War Tax Protest”. Two full page advertisements in the New York Post and the New York Review off Books listed the name of those which thus marked their refusal to pay the surplus of 10% of tax charged to the war and affirmed that American engagement in Vietnam was morally condemnable.

the Arc in sky of gravity

the Arc in sky of gravity , published with the the United States in 1973 constitutes the novel more celebrated of Pynchon. It mixes, with a virtuosity which the author undoubtedly had not reached yet, number of the topics approached in its first novels (Prétérition, Paranoïa, Racisme, Colonialisme, conspiracy, synchronicity or Entropie…). Regarded as one of the prototypes of the Postmodernisme in literature, the Arc in sky of gravity caused a great number of comments and interpretations; two “guides of the reader” (Fowler 1980; Weisenburger 1988) as of artistic work are even devoted to him.

Most of the novel proceeds in London or in Europe in the last months of the Second world war and the weeks which immediately followed the German capitulation of the May 8th, 1945. Uncertainty about exact knowledge that have the characters or the various narrators of the historical circumstances in which they are plunged, and in particular the Holocauste, is never raised. Contrast between this permanent doubt and the importance which its events in the common representation of this historical period play, constitute one of the engines of the dramatic tension of the account.

The novel posts an impressive scholarship in its treatment of fields as varied as the Chimie, the Mathématiques, the Histoire, the Religion, the Musique, the Littérature or the Cinéma. Pynchon worked on the novel throughout the years 1960 and the beginning of the year 1970 whereas he lived in California and with Mexico City and has, according to the legend, carried out modifications and additions with the manuscript until the day of the impression (Weisenburger, 1988).

The arc in sky of gravity gained the National Book Award in 1974, jointly with has off Crown Feathers and Other Stories of Isaac Bashevis Singer. The same year, the jury unanimously recommended the Arc in sky for the Prix Pulitzer in the novel category; however the administrators of the price opposed a veto to the recommendation of the jury, estimating that the novel was “illegible”, “surécrit” and “obscene”. No price was decreed this year (Kihss 1994). In 1975, Pynchon declined the medal William Dean Howells of the American Académie of Arts and the Letters.

After the Arc in sky

Vineland

The fourth novel of Pynchon is published in the United States in 1990. It is held mainly in California in the years 1980 and the years 1960. Its center of gravity (if as well is as one can find one of them) is consisted the relation of an agent of FBI, implied in the project COINTELPRO and of a scenario writer radical, expert in martial arts. Their famous relation, with a humor not stripped of melancholy, the opposition between resistance and reaction, which, of the social boiling of the years 1960 with repression nixonienne, crosses this period of the American history. In 1988, Pynchon received MacArthur Fellowship and, since the beginning of the years 1990, several commentators mentioned it like a possible member elect of the Nobel Prize (see for example, Grimes, 1993; CNN Book News, 1999; Ervin 2000).

Mason and Dixon

The fifth novel of Pynchon, Mason and Dixon is published into 1997 with the the United States and is translated in 2000 in French. Its drafting however seems to have started as of January 1975 (Gussov 1998). Richly documented, it is presented in the form of vast a saga reporting the lives and the careers of two English astronomers, Charles Mason and its partner the land-surveyor Jeremiah Dixon, charged with tracing the line of demarcation between the Maryland and the Pennsylvania (future the Ligne Mason and Dixon). A narrative wire which far from confining the intrigue with the the incipient United States stretches Cape with Sainte-Hélène. One finds the usual reasons for Pynchon there, in particular a particular work on the language, pastiche of English of the XVIIIe century.

Topics

At side in its attention with topics like the Racism, the Impérialisme and the religion, its knowledge and its appropriation of many elements traditionally charged to the “high culture”, Pynchon spares a broad place for the artefacts of the popular culture like the Comics, the Cartoons, the pulp magazine, the Cinéma, television, the myths urban or the folk art (Na5ive art). This obliteration of the traditional border between “high” and “low” culture, is interpreted by certain critics as one of the characteristics of the post-modernism whose Pynchon would be one of most remarkable representatives the.

Popular music

Pynchon is in particular a aficionado declared music popular. Words of songs as of the musical numbers appear in each one of its novels and in the autobiographical introduction to the man who learned slowly it reveals his passion for the Jazz and the Rock-and-roll. The character of McClintic Sphere in V. is a fictional compound of Masters of the jazz like Ornette Coleman, Charlie Parker and Thelonious Monk.

In Sale by auction of the batch 49 , the leader of the “Paranoids” carries “a cut of Beatles” and sings with an accent british . In the last pages of the Arc in sky of gravity , Tyrone Slothrop which plays of the Kazoo and of the Harmonica is invited on a disc recorded by The Fool in the years 1960 (after having found miraculeusement in a German river in 1945 its harmonica of time that it had lost in the toilets of Roseland Ballroom of Roxbury, Boston in 1939 by listening to the standard of the jazz Cherokee over which Charlie Parker was simultaneously inventing the Bebop with New York). In Vineland, Zoyd Wheeler and Isaiah Two Four also musicians are them: Zoyd plays of the keyboard in a surfing band called “The Corvairs” while Isaiah plays in the punk group “Billy Barf and the Vomitones”. In Mason & Dixon , one of the characters plays on his keyboard the drinking song which will become later “ The Star-Spangled Banner ”. In his introduction to the Man who learned slowly, Pynchon affirms that arrangements of Spike Jones had on him “an indelible impression”, and in 1994 he wrote the booklet of the album Spiked! , a compilation of recordings of Jones published on the transitory label Catalyst (BMG). It was delivered to the same exercise for Nobody' S cool , the second album of the group indie rock'n'roll Lotion, affirming for the occasion that “the rock'n'roll remains one of the last honourable vocations”. It is also known to be a fan of Roky Erickson.

Science

Pynchon without any doubt has a scientific culture above the standard for a writer and the references to scientific concepts are, as of its first writings, of the important components of the account. One of its first news, entitled “Low-Ground”, contains a meditation on the principle of uncertainty of Heisenberg. Its following news, entitled “Entropy” is entirely built around the various uses which were made concept of the same name. Into “Under the pink” (1961), it introduces among the characters a Cyborg placed in an anachronistic way into the Egypt of the 19th century (an anticipation of a kind which one now calls Steampunk). In “secret Integration” (1964), a group of young boys is confronted with the consequences of the American policy of integration. At one time of the history, the children interpret this new policy by the means of mathematics, by considering the scientific meaning of the word “integration”, the only one which they are able to include/understand (what has what to surprise for schoolboys).

Sale by auction of the batch 49 refers also to the communications theories and contains several scenes which refer, in a more or less parodic way, with the Infinitesimal calculus, the Paradoxes of Zénon and the Démon of Maxwell. As however Pynchon itself recognized it, one would be wrong to lend a real scientific report in these fields to him, especially at the beginning of his career. Concerning the entropy, often presented like one of its specialities, he declares that he “continues to try to include/understand the entropy, but the more I study and the more the thing is done vague. I include/understand what the dictionary says, and also explanations of Isaac Asimov, and a little of the maths” (Pynchon 1984). Especially it carries a severe glance on the ostentatious use which it could make at the beginning of its career. “What interested me, it was rather to paste my paper, sometimes in a bombastic style” (Pynchon 1984).

Genealogy of Pynchon

The names advanced by the critics who sought to establish a genealogy of Pynchon compose a at the very least eclectic catalog: Rabelais, Cervantes, Laurence Tern, Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Hermann Melville, Charles Dickens, Joseph Conrad, Thomas Mann, William Burroughs, Ralph Ellison, Patrick White or Toni Morrison has one day quoted like the members of a hypothetical Pynchon galaxy. One also registered Pynchon in the filiation of the modern writers whose extremely long novels sought to embrace broad problems metaphysics and policies. The novels of Pynchon from this point of view were compared with some for the works founders of literary modernity ( Ulysses of Joyce, has passage to India E.M. Forster, The Apes off God of Wyndham Lewis, the Man without qualities of Robert Musil or the Castle of Kafka).

It is undoubtedly a little vain to try to reconstitute the wire of this genealogy. Beyond the plays scholars which they authorize, such bringings together are often only one means symbolically of avoiding prestige of famous predecessors a young heir striking the doors to the academic recognition. This type of speculations is, it should be recognized, encouraged by the art of Pynchon to strew its novels like its extra-fictional writings with an expansion of references érudites.

References and influences

The explicit references to philosophical writers, artists, scientists or within works of Pynchon compose an interminable list among which one can extract Henry Adams, Giorgio de Chirico, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Emily Dickinson, William March, Machiavel, Rainer Maria Rilke, Jorge Luis Borges, Ismael Reed, Ralph Waldo Emerson or Patrick O' Brian.

In the foreword with the Man who learned slowly, Pynchon explicitly recognizes his debt with the writers of the Beat Generation, expressing more particularly his admiration for the On the Road of Jack Kerouac than it describes as one “of the largest American novels”. He reveals there also his familiarity with the works of fiction of T.S. Eliot, Ernest Hemingway, Henry Miller, Saul Bellow, Herbert Gold, Philip Roth and Norman Mailer as well as work of Helen Waddell, Norbert Wiener and Isaac Asimov. And the adventure spy novels of John Buchan, Helen MacInnes, E. Philips Oppenheim and Geoffrey Household were for much in the construction of its particularly romantic representation of the history. A feature which was still reinforced with the later reading of the guides of voyage, in particular that devoted to the Egypt (1899), of Karl Baedeker as well as the influence of Edmund Wilson ( To the Finland Station ) and Machiavel.

Heirs

The eccentricity of the characters, the frequency of the digressions and the imposing length of the novels of Phynchon led the critic James Wood to qualify his work of hysterical Réalisme (a classification that Pynchon divides with Salman Rushdie, Steve Erickson, Neal Stephenson, Christopher Wunderlee or Zadie Smith). John Hawkes, Kurt Vonnegut, Joseph Heller, Donald Barthelme, John Barth, William Gaddis, Gift DeLillo and Joseph McElroy are as many contemporary authors whose work was compared with that of Pynchon. Among the potential heirs to Pynchon appear David Foster Wallace, Dave Eggers, Chistopher Wunderlee or Tommasio Pincio whose pseudonym is an Italian variation of the name of Pynchon.

Pynchon and media

One knows very few things about the life of Pynchon (without because it carefully avoids any contact with journalists since now more than forty years). Only some photographs of him are known of the public, going back almost very to its years of college and university. Its places of residence remain themselves unknown. A criticism of V. in the NewYork Times Book Review describes it like a recluse living in Mexico City. Its media invisibility was at the origin of innumerable rumors and anecdotes apocryphal books.

The years 1970 and 1980

After the success of the Arc in sky of gravity , the media tried to get information about the identity of Pynchon. Without much success. At the time of the ceremony of handing-over of the National Book Award of 1974, the president of Viking Close, Tom Guinzberg, convinced the actor Irwin Corey to accept the price in the place of Pynchon (Royster 2005). The large majority of the assembly was unaware of which was Corey and not having never seen Pynchon, thought legitimately that it was about the author who watered them of a flow of verbosity pseudo-scientist rather characteristic of the humor of Corey. Towards the end of the intervention of the actor a streaker sprang through the room, still adding to confusion.

An article published in the Soho Weekly News declares shortly after that Pynchon was actually J.D. Salinger. The answer of Pynchon was laconic: “Not bad. Keep trying”.

The first required substancielles information on the personal life of Pynchon was a former comrade of the university of Cornell, Jules Siegel, who published in the magazine Playboy a series of anecdotes relating to it.

At the end of the years 1980, the author Robert Clark Young required of his father, an employee of the department of the vehicles motorized of California to seek a possible driving license, with the name and the birth date of Pynchon. The result showed that Pynchon lived then in Aptos (California) and that it led a Datsun (Young 1922). The furnished informations by this license, obtained in an illegal way, were mentioned in at least two academic work published on Pynchon.

The years 1990

With the beginning of the year 1990, Pynchon married its literary agent, Melanie Jackson, one of the grand-daughters of Theodore Roosevelt. Its first wire was born shortly after in 1991. The removal of Pynchon with New York, after the many years that it seems to have passed between Mexico City and the north of the California, started again the interest of the journalists and especially photographers about it. In 1997, little time before the publication of Mason and Dixon , a television team of CNN tracked it and succeeded in surprising it in Manhattan.

If the loathing of Pynchon for public appearances nourished the speculations of the journalists concerning his identity and its activities and reinforced its reputation of “recluse”, no doubt that there are esthetic and ideological motivations with this choice to remain with the variation of the public life.

One of the characters of the news “For Mr. Voss occupying gold” of Janet Turner Hospital explains on this subject with his/her daughter whom she writes “a study in connection with authors become recluse. Patrick White, Emily Dickinson, J.D. Salinger, Thomas Pynchon… The way in which they created solitary characters and then disappeared behind their novels”. (Janet Turner 1995)

The critic Arthur Salm for its part considers that Pynchon “chose simply not to be a public figure, an attitude which clashes so strongly with the contemporary culture that if Pynchon and Paris Hilton met one day to imagine it I admit it exceed the understanding the explosion matter/antimatter which would result from it would vaporize all that exists from here with Tau Ceti” (Salm 2004).

Pynchon published, contrary to the image that the media built of its character, a great number of articles or account-returned works in the great American media, and in particular a letter of support for Salman Rushdie after the marked Fatwa in its opposition by the ayatollah Khomeini (Pynchon 1989). The following year, Pynchon answered the enthusiastic report of Vineland by Rushdie by an invitation with a meeting at the time of a possible passage of the British author with New York. The two men actually met, Rushdie expressing on this occasion its surprise relating to the resemblance of Pynchon to the mental image that it had been forged some. (Hitchens 1997) In [[1998]], more than 200 written letters by Pynchon in its old agent, Candida Donadio, were given by a private collector, Carter Burden, with the library Pierpont Morgan with [[New York]]. These letters which are spread out of 1963 to 1982 cover some of its most creative years. The Morgan library intended originally to make these letters accessible to the researchers but, following a request for Pynchon, the Burden family and the Morgan library decided to seal her letters until the death of the author (Gussow 1998). ===Les years 2000=== Answering ironically the image conveyed by the media, Pynchon made during the year [[2004]] two short appearances in the series of animation '' [[Simpsons]] ''. The first of these appearances takes place in the tenth episode of the fifteenth season entitled '' [[A whole novel]]! '' ('' Diatribe off has mad housewife '') in which [[Simpson Margin]] becomes writer. Pynchon plays there its own part, a paper bag on the head, and written there a flattering chronicle for the fourth of cover of the book of [[Simpson Margin|Stroke]], informant: “Here my opinion: Thomas Pynchon liked this book almost as much as it loves the photographers”. He then starts to challenge the cars which pass: “Hey, come, take a photograph with an artist recluse! Today only, it distributes autographs free! But wait, there is more! ”. The second appearance intervenes in '' [[All the tastes are allowed]] '' ('' All' S to fair in oven war ''), the first episode of the sixteenth season. The words of Pynchon entirely consist of references to titles of these novels (“'' This wings are `V' - licious! I' L could this recipe in “The Gravity' S Rainbow Cookbook”, right next to 'The Frying off Latke 49 '''”.). In July 2006, the sales point on line [[Amazon.com]] announces the nearest publication of a novel of Pynchon comprising 992 pages whose title is not specified. The note is followed of a description of the work to come written by Pynchon itself. The authenticity of the article is called into question by certain commentators but little time after the title of the work - '' Against the day '' - is revealed, sweeping the last suspicions. December 6th, 2006, Pynchon takes part, with many other authors of international repute, in a campaign support for [[Ian McEwan]], implied in a business of plagiarism. This mobilization took the shape of a letter addressed to its editor published in [[Daily Telegraph]]. ==Diverses references to Pynchon== * The collection “Lot49” of [[publisher]] French [[Seeks It midday]] was baptized in homage to the novel of Pynchon '' [[Sale by auction of batch 49]] ''. In one [http://www.fnac.com/Edito/Portrait.asp?EditorialId=924026&NID=%2D1&RNID=%2D1&Previsu=0 interview], one of the persons in charge of the collection, it [[writer]] and [[translator]] [[Claro]] declares that “Pynchon is indeed a reference for us. The requirement of its syntax, the ambition of its novels, its humor, its depth… all that gives desire for seeking which are, which will be Pynchons of tomorrow. And then, if one does not know the title éponyme of Pynchon, the title of the collection has a mysterious side, like a secret code… ”. * The title of the album '' [[Vheissu]] '' of the group of [[post-hardcore]] and [[punkcore melody]] [[the United States|states-unien]] [[Thrice]] is drawn from the novel '' [[V. (Romance)|V.]] '' in which it indicates an area with the site and the dubious existence. * In agreement with his obsession for the letter V, the main character of the series of [[comic book]] '' [[V for Vendetta]] '' reads the '' [[V. (Romance)|V.]] '' of Pynchon. * In the novel of Chris Bachelder '' Bear V. Shark '' appeared in 2002, Thomas Pynchon is mentioned in the chapter 70 heading '' The Ghost off the American Vacation ''. * The first album of Mimi and Richard Farina in 1965, '' Celebrations for has grey day '', contains an instrumental piece entitled '' V. '' which is inspired directly by the novel of the same name according to the small pocket of the album. * Pornographic the film actor and realizer carry the pseudonym '' Benny Profane '', in reference to the one of the principal characters of '' [[V. (Romance)|V.]] ''. == Bibliographie == ===Romans=== * '' V '' (1963) * '' Sale by auction of the batch 49 '' (1966) * '' the Rainbow of gravity '' (1973) * '' the man who learned '' slowly (1984), reccueil of news * '' Vineland '' (1990) * '' Mason and Dixon '' (1997) * '' Against the '' day (2006, to appear in French in 2007) ===Articles=== Beyond its fictional work, Pynchon wrote tests, forewords or articles of reviews on subjects as various as the missiles, the riots of [[Watts]], it [[luddism]] or the work of [[Donald Barthelme]]. Some of its articles are been published in NewYork Times Book Review or the '' [[New York Review off Books]] ''. The foreword of the collection of news '' the man who learned '' slowly constitutes a material of first choice out of autobiographical matter. It recently prefaced a republication of the novel of [[George Orwell]] [[1984]] appeared in 2003 at Penguin. * Pynchon, Thomas. “[http://themodernword.com/pynchon/pynchon_hamster.html Voice off the Hamster]”, “[http://www.themodernword.com/pynchon/pynchon_boys.html The Servant boys]”, “[http://www.themodernword.com/pynchon/pynchon_knight.html Ye Legend off Sir Stupid and the Purple Knight]”. '' Oyster Bay High School Purple and Gold '', 1952 - 1953. [[#Les first years|(back)]] * Pynchon, Thomas. “[http://www.themodernword.com/pynchon/pynchon_essays_watts.html has Journey into the Mind off Watts]”. '' The NewYork Times Magazine '', 12 June 1966, pp. 34 - 35,78,80 - 82,84. [[#La drafting of V. |(back)]] * Pynchon, Thomas. “Introduction” to '' the man who learned '' slowly, 1984. [[#La science|(back)]] * Pynchon, Thomas. “[http://www.themodernword.com/pynchon/pynchon_essays_rushdie.html Words for Salman Rushdie]”. '' NewYork Times Book Review '', 12 March 1989, p. 29. [[#Les years 1990|(back)]] * Pynchon, Thomas (A). [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/159420120X/ Leading article review one '' Untitled Thomas Pynchon ''], [[Amazon.com]] 14 July 2006. * Pynchon, Thomas (b). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/graphics/2006/12/05/nwriter06big.gif Letter] addressed to the newspaper the '' [[Daily Telegraph]] '', 6 December 2006. [[#Les years 2000|(back)]] == Literary prizes == * William Faulkner Foundation Award for '' V '' * Richard and Hilda Rosenthal Foundation Award for '' Sale by auction of the batch 49 '' * [[National Book Award]] for '' the Rainbow of gravity '' * The jury of [[Pulitzer price]] the 1974 for a work of fiction elects '' unanimously the Rainbow of gravity '' but this vote is rejected by the commission of monitoring of the price. * In 1975, William Dean Howells Medal off the American Academy off Arts and Letters is allotted to Pynchon for '' the Rainbow of gravity '' but the author declines this reward. == Références == * Anne Battesti, '' Thomas Pynchon '', Belin, 2004. * Batchelor, J.C., “Thomas Pynchon is not Thomas Pynchon, gold, This is End off the Stud Which Has No Name”, '' Soho Weekly News '', April 22nd, 1976. * Bone, James. “Who the hell is He? ”, '' Sunday Times '' (South Africa), 7 June 1998. * CNN Book News. “[http://www.cnn.com/books/news/9909/29/nobel.prize/index.html Early Nobel announcement prompt speculation]”. 29 September 1999. * The Supplements Review. “[http://www.complete-review.com/reviews/popus/pynchon.htm '' Against the Day '' by Thomas Pynchon]”, 2006. * Corey, Irwin. “[http://www.irwincorey.org/routines.html Transcript off National Book Award acceptance speech]”, delivered 18 April 1974. * Ervin, Andrew. “[http://citypaper.net/articles/091400/ae.books.shtml Nobel Obliges]”. '' Philadelphia City Paper '' 14 – 21 September 2000. * Foster, Gift. '' Author Unknown: one the Trail off Anonymous ''. Henry Holt, New York, 2000. * Fowler, Douglas. '' Has Reader' S Guide to Gravity' S Rainbow ''. Ardis Near, 1980. [[#L' arc in sky of gravity|(back)]] * Frost, Garrison. “[http://www.theaesthetic.com/NewFiles/pynchon.html Thomas Pynchon and the South Bay]”. '' The Esthetic '', 2003. [[#La drafting of V. |(back)]] * Gibbs, Rodney, “have Portrait off the Luddite ace has Young Man”, '' Denver Quarterly '' 39.1,2004, [[#Les first years|(back)]] * Gordon, Andrew. “[http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/agordon/pynchon.htm Smoking Dopes with Thomas Pynchon: In Sixties Memoir]”. ''The Vineland Papers: Critical Takes one Pynchon' S Novell ''. [[#La drafting of V. |(back)]] * Gussow, Mel. “[http://www.mondowendell.com/mask.htm Pynchon' S Letters Nudge His Mask]”. '' NewYork Times '', 4 March 1998. [[#L' arc in sky of gravié|(back)]] * Hitchens, Christopher. " [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1295/is_n10_v61/ai_19841067 Salman Rushdie: Colossal Even this threat did not work. Life goes one.]" '' The Progressive '', October 1997. ([[#Les years 1990|back]]) * Hospital, Janette Turner. '' Collected Stories 1970 - 1995 ''. University off Queensland Near, 1995. ([[#Les years 1990|back]]) * Italie, Hillel. “[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20060720/ap_en_ot/books_thomas_pynchon_1 New Thomas Pynchon Novell is one the way]”. '' Associated Press '', 20 July 2006. * Kihss, Peter. “Pulitzer Jurors; His Third Novell”. '' [[The NewYork Times]] '', 8 May 1974, p. 38. ([[#L' arc in sky of gravity|back]]) * Klepper, Martin. '' Pynchon, Auster, DeLillo. Postmodern Die amerikanische zwischen Spiel und Rekonstruktion. '' Campus, Frankfurt amndt Hand u.a. 1996. (= Nordamerikastudien; 3) ISBN 3-593-35618-X * Krämer, Oliver. “[http://www.sicetnon.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=PagEd&file=index&topic_id=40&page_id=208 Interview put John Mr. Kraft, Herausgeber DER “Pynchon Notes”]”. '' Sic and Not. '' * McLemee, Scott. “[http://www.insidehighered.com/views/2006/11/15/mclemee You Hide, They Seek]”. '' Inside Higher ED '', 15 November 2006. [[#Vente with shouted of batch 49|(back)]] * '' New York Review off Books ''. “Writers and Editors War Tax Protest” (advertisement). Vol. 10, N° 3,15 February 1968, p. 9. [[#Vente with shouted of batch 49|(back)]] * Page, Adrian. “Towards has poetics off hypertext fiction”. In '' The Question off Literature: The Places one the Literary in Contemporary Theory '', edited by Elizabeth B Bissell. Manchester University Near, 2002. ISBN 0-7190-5744-2. * Patterson, Troy (A). “[http://www.slate.com/id/2146152 Did the master make year appearance one his Amazon page?] ”. '' Slate '', 20 July 2006. * Patterson, Troy (b). “[http://www.slate.com/id/2146272 Mystery solved]”. '' Slate '', 20 July 2006. * Plimpton, George. “Mata Hari with has Clockwork Eye, Alligators in the Sewer”. Rev. off '' V. '' '' [[NewYork Times Book Review]] '', 21 April 1963, p. 5. [[#Pynchon and media|(back)]] * Royster, Paul, '' Thomas Pynchon: In Brief Chronology '', Faculty Publications, University off Nebraska-Lincoln, 2005. * Salm, Arthur. “Screaming comes across the sky has (goal not has photo)”. San Diego '' Union-Platform '', 8 February 2004. [[#Les years 1990|(back)]] * Siegel, Jules, “Who is Thomas Pynchon, and why did He take off with my wife? ”, '' [[Playboy]] '', March 1977. a long version of the article is available in the book of Siegel, [http://www.lulu.com/content/548705 Lineland, Mortality and Mercy one the Internet' S Pynchon-L@Waste.Org Discussion List]. * Tanner, Tony. '' Thomas Pynchon ''. Methuen & Co., 1982. * Ulin, David, “[http://www.salon.com/april97/media/media970425.html Gravity' S End]”, '' Salon '', 25 April 1997. * Warner, Simon. “[http://www.popmatters.com/books/features/010802-hadju.shtml has king, has queen and two knaves?: Year Interview with David Hajdu]”, '' Pop Matters '', 2 August 2001. * Weisenburger, Steven C. '' has Gravity' S Rainbow companion: sources and contexts for Pynchon' S Novell ''. University off Georgia Near, 1988. ([[# the arc in sky of gravity|back]]) * Wisnicki, Adrian. “Trove New Works by Thomas Pynchon has off? Bomarc Service News Rediscovered”. '' Pynchon Notes '' 46 - 49 (2000 - 1), pp. 9 - 34. ([[#La drafting of V. |back]]) * Young, Robert Clark. “[http://www.eastbaywriters.com/non_fiction/bob/biginnings.html One Writer' S Big Innings]”. '' Black Warrior Review '', Fall 1992. ==Source== {{Translation/Reference|in|Thomas Pynchon}} {{Commons | Thomas Ruggles Pynchon | Thomas Pynchon}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Pynchon, Thomas}} {{Gate literature}} [[Category: American writer]] [[Category: Prize winner of the National Book Award]] [[Category: Birth in 1937]] [[Category: Postmodernism (literature)]] {{AdQ Bond|in}} [[Ca: Thomas Pynchon]] [[Cs: Thomas Pynchon]] [[da: Thomas Pynchon]] [[of: Thomas Pynchon]] [[el: Τόμας Πίντσον]] [[in: Thomas Pynchon]] [[eo: Thomas Pynchon]] [[be: Thomas Pynchon]] [[fi: Thomas Pynchon]] [[id: Thomas Pynchon]] [[it: Thomas Pynchon]] [[ja: トマス・ピンチョン]] [[KB: 토머스핀천]] [[nl: Thomas Pynchon]] [[N: Thomas Pynchon]] [[pl: Thomas Pynchon]] [[Pt: Thomas Pynchon]] [[Ru: Пинчон, Томас]] [[sv: Thomas Pynchon]] [[zh: 托马斯·品钦

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