Thomas Robert Bugeaud , marquis of Piconnerie, duke of Isly , Marshal of France, born with Limoges (France) the October 15th 1784, died in Paris the June 10th 1849. It appears in the famous military song entitled the cap in the father Bugeaud .

Biography

Origin

Resulting from a noble branch of a former family of green Périgord, it was born from lord Ambroise Bugeaud, lord, knight of Piconnerie, and lady Francoise de Sutton de Cléonard, of a famous family of Ireland.

Napoleonean wars

Bugeaud engages at the 20 years age, in the army in 1804, like vélite in pomegranates with foot of the imperial guard. It is promoted corporal with Austerlitz and was used then as second lieutenant in the campaigns as Prussia and of Poland (1806 - 1807), it is wounded with the Bataille of Pułtusk.

It fights then in Spain where it is used in the army corps as Suchet, then in division Lamarque.

Corporal with Austerlitz, second lieutenant, then lieutenant with the 64e of line in the Countryside of Poland, captain with the 116e of line, the March 2nd 1809; he was major in Spain, in 1811, where he showed himself with glare with the seats of Lérida, of Tortose and Tarragone.

He gains the rank of captain to the Second head office of Saragossa and fights against the guerillas. He is promoted with the rank of lieutenant-colonel after the Bataille of Ordal in Catalogne (September 14th 1813) where with only one battalion, he puts in rout an English regiment. He is promoted colonel on his return in France.

During the Restoration, colonel Bugeaud celebrated the Bourbon S in some pieces of poetry, did not turn over from there less close to the Emperor during the Hundred Days.

Second Restoration

He joined, during the Hundred Days, the party of Napoleon i which sent it in the Armée with the Alps, to the head of the 14th regiment of line always under the orders of Suchet and took part in the Bataille of Conflans on the Austrians.

The June 27th 1815, it was with Moustier, on the High-Isere, when it learned the disaster from the Bataille of Waterloo and the arrival of 10.000 Austrians; it did not have, him, that 1.700 men.

Laid off army with the Second Restoration, it withdraws in its property of Durantie with Lanouaille, close to Payzac and Excideuil in Périgord, and deals with improving the exploitation of its grounds in the properties of his/her father, marquis de Faverolle and lord of Piconnerie; it also dealt with the study of the humanities. In 1825 it will be elected mayor of Excideuil posts that it will occupy until 1830.

At the time of the invasion of Spain by the duke of Angouleme, the government refuses its request for rehabilitation in the army. Adhering to the liberal opposition, he is in vain his candidate for an election in the Dordogne in 1829.

Monarchy of July

Consequently there entered the opposition and remained there until July 1831, where one sent it to the Room, elected official appointed Excideuil in July 1831 and soon named Brigadier by Louis-Philippe. With the Room, it was quickly made a particular reputation by its eccentricities and its provocations towards the members of the opposition.

The new general became the friend of the capacity. Attached to a preserving policy, he is an intransigent defender of customs protectionism. Appointed governor of the citadel of Blaye, it had the duchess of Berry under her guard It was still charged to accompany its captive until Palermo.

During the debates of the House of Commons of the January 16th 1834, Marie Denis Larabit, complaining about the military dictatorship of the ministry Soult, Bugeaud stopped it by these words: “ obedience is the first duty of the soldier ”. Another deputy, François Charles Dulong, asked, caustic: “ Même if one asks him to become geôlier? ”. This incident caused a duel between Bugeaud and Dulong, in which this last was killed

“The butcher of the street Transnonain”

At the time of the Parisian insurrection of the 13 and April 14th 1834, the forces intended to repress this insurrection were divided into three brigades of which one was ordered by Bugeaud. At the time of the attack of a barricade by the army, Street Transnonain (today Street Beaubourg), an officer is killed out of a shot left a close house: the soldiers penetrate in the house and kill all the inhabitants (men, women, old men, children…). Although the place was not in the district assigned with the brigade of Bugeaud and that itself, therefore, by no means took part in it, the hatred of the people bound his name to this massacre and, in spite of the contrary declarations, persisted in stigmatizing it like “ the man in the street Transnonain ”

Haï by the left and the right-hand side, it is devoted mainly to the agricultural businesses and proposes in 1840 a law tending to create Chambres of agriculture which is not adopted. He is re-elected appointed with the elections of 1834, 1837 and 1839.

Algeria

Soon, the Bugeaud general was sent in Algérie (June 6th 1836) with the double mission of fighting Abd-el-Kader and of making peace with him. He gains the first success with Sikkah the July 6th 1836. Under the ministry Mole, like Lieutenant-general, he concludes the Traité from Tafna with Abd El-Kader the October 30th 1837; it is a compromise ambiguity recognizing in Abd El-Kader an authority badly definite on the Algerian West.

Returned in France, Bugeaud passes for unfavorable to the extension of the conquest and deplores a “expensive possession whose nation would be well ease to be disencumbered”.

Bugeaud, lieutenant-general, since the August 25th 1836, and large officer of the Légion of honor are however named general governor of Algeria by the minister Thiers in 1840.

The very same day of its arrival with Algiers, the February 22nd 1841, Bugeaud addressed a proclamation to the inhabitants of Algeria, and one with the army.

Bugeaud ends up laying out of more than 100.000 men. Surrounded of the generals, Moricière, Changarnier, Verger, Cavaignac, Bugeaud employed new methods of war inspired by its experiment in the fight against the partisans during the Guerre of Spain

Hundreds of villager whose women and children are smoked out or immured in the caves where they tried to resist the “mobile columns”. Several " enfumades" were listed, spread out over one five years total period.

With Orléanville, on June 11th, 1845, Bugeaud this with its subordinates advises to reduce the resistance of the populations of the area of Chélif: “If these gredins is withdrawn in their caves, imitate Cavaignac in Sbéhas! Smoke out with excess like foxes. ”

June 18th, 1845, the colonel Pélissier does not hesitate to asphyxiate more than 1.000 people, men, women and children, of Ouled Riah, which had taken refuge in the cave of Ghar-el-Frechih in Dahra (Ténès triangle, Cherchell, Miliana).

A written soldier: “the caves are immense; 760 corpses were counted; an about sixty individuals only left, to the three quarter dead; forty could not survive; ten are with the ambulance, dangerously patients; the last ten, which can be still trailed, were freed to turn over in their tribes; they do not have any more but to cry over ruins. ”

After this action, Pélissier answers some clear consciences worry: “the skin of only one of my drums had more price than the life of all these poor wretches. ”

August 12th, 1845, Saint-Arnaud in his turn, close to Ténès, transforms other caves “into a vast cemetery” , “five hundred brigands” were buried there.

In Paris, one is indignant when one learns the “enfumades” from the caves of Dahra. The prince of Moskowa, wire of the Ney Marshal, makes an interpellation with the Room of the Pars. The Bugeaud general, challenged, assumes the responsibility and answers the minister of it: “And me, I consider that the compliance with the humane rules will make that the war in Africa is likely to be prolonged” indefinitely. That will not prevent Pélissier obtaining its stick of marshal and from being appointed general governor of Algeria of 1860 to 1864.

On the ground also methods of " against-guérilla" recommended by Bugeaud are disputed by certain its subordinates, in particular Eugene Dubern.

Large cross of the Legion of honor the April 9th 1843 then Marshal of France in July 1843, it obtains the permission to attack the Morocco, which helped Abd El-Kader always revolted. The July 14th 1844, the Moroccan troops are surprised by Bugeaud on the wadi Isly, not far from the border. The 11.000 French soldiers put in rout the 60.000 Moroccan riders.

This victory is worth to him the title of duke of Isly; it tracks then Abd El-Kader, which must go in 1847.

The constant concern of Bugeaud was to associate the army with colonization

The conquest doubles of an agricultural effort of colonization with the creation of the Arab offices. There remains all its life faithful to its currency " Ense and Aratro , by the sword and the plow.

Because of the disagreement between Guizot and him, born from forwarding in Kabylie and their design of colonization, it was replaced by the duke of Aumale, which “would enable him” according to the expression of Guizot “to come to enjoy its glory in France”.

According to C. Mullié, the Bugeaud marshal was an original and a man of spirit. Its smoothness and its skill hid, like those of Henri IV, under appearances of the good-naturedness and of gaîté.

According to Olivier the Court Grandmaison, the colonization of Algeria resulted in the extermination of the third of the population, whose causes are multiple, massacres, deportations, famines or epidemics, but closely dependant between them. What prohibits to hold the two last for natural phenomena without relationship with the fatal pacification of this territory and testifies to the exterminating dimension of the company.

The Revolution of 1848

At the time of the Revolution of February 1848, it receives the command of the army.

The 23 at midday, follow-up of the generals Rulhières, Bedeau, Moricière, from Salles, Saint-Arnaud and others, it went to the general headquarter of the Tuileries where it was officially invested high command by the duke of Nemours. He reminded the officers present that which was going to direct them against the Parisian revolutionists " had never been beaten, whether it is on the battle field or in the insurrections " , and that, this time still, he promised to finish some quickly with " this rabble rebels ".

During this time, the news of its nomination largely contributed to give to the businesses a decisive turn. The national guard more irritated even by its nomination with the high command, shouted: " has Bugeaud low! " " has low the man in the street Transnonain! " and absolutely refused to obey its orders.

Frightened by this demonstration, Louis-Philippe withdrew his orders, and spent the day of the 23 in vain negotiations. The February 24th, only of the Council of Louis-Philippe, Bugeaud still pushed with the war until the end; but the king considered already that to sacrifice the marshal would be a means of making peace with the national guard. The high command was thus placed in other hands, and Bugeaud resigned. Two days after, but in vain, it offered its sword to the service of the provisional government.

It is carried to Constituent by a by-election with the autumn of 1848; the conservatives think of him for a candidature for the Présidence of the Republic, but he desists in favor of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte. This one, elected President, names it commander-in-chief of the Armée with the Alps. It had just been elected by the " Charente-Lower " with the Legislative one, when he died of the Choléra.

The body of the Bugeaud marshal was deposited in a sepulchral vault of the Hôtel of the Invalids; it is placed at the top of the coffin of the admiral Duperré, very close to that of the general Duvivier.

Posthumous homages

In August 1852, a monument was high for him with Algiers and another in its birthplace. The statue of Algiers was repatriated in 1962 and installed in the village of Excideuil in 1999, the sculptor is Auguste Dumont. Its name was given to a village of the province of Constantine (in the South-west of Bône).

During the War of Algeria, a promotion of the military special École of Saint-Cyr military school adopted the name of “Bugeaud Marshal” (n°145, 1958-1960).

Publications

It published various literary productions treating mainly Algeria. There are of him some writings on Algeria, on the art of warfare, against socialism, and a relation of the Bataille of Isly (in the Revue of the Two Worlds ).

References

Partial source

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