The theory of the multiple intelligences suggests that there exist several types of Intelligence in the child of school age and also, by extension, at the Homme.
The origin of the theory
When Howard Gardner published its book " Frames off Mind: the Theory off Multiple Intelligence " in 1983, it introduced a new way of including/understanding the Intelligence children in school failure in the United States. A French translation of this book was published in 1997 under the title " forms of the intelligence " with the Editions Odile Jacob.
He presented seven categories of intelligence to it. Many discussions took place (and still take place) on these intelligences. With time, another intelligence made its entry: the intelligence naturalist. Another intelligence is likely one day to perhaps make its entry: existential intelligence.
In addition, it is not only. In the case of the adults, Peter Koestenbaum presented his. Tony Buzan in Your Head First adds the sexual intelligence. A psychotechnical test of recruitment, Intelligences, cabinet of consultant in human resources Sigmund counts 10 of them. David Goleman presents another list by stressing the emotional intelligence. Etc
Various categories of intelligence for Gardner
The intelligence logico-mathematics
The people who have an intelligence developed logico-mathematics have the capacity to calculate, measure, show logic and to solve mathematical and scientific problems. They analyze the causes and the consequences of a phenomenon or an action and are able to explain it why things. They tend also to categorize and order the objects. They like the figures, the analysis and the reasoning.
There exists a dimension nonverbal and abstract in this intelligence bus of the solutions can be anticipated before being shown.
Albert Einstein belongs to this category of people.
Several means exist to develop this type of intelligence:
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cross Words, Headache, Puzzle S, strategy games (example: Monopoly, failures), card decks asking a precise logic, plays of deduction (example: Cluedo), etc
Space intelligence
The space intelligence makes it possible the person to use specific intellectual abilities to have mentally a space representation of the world. The Amerindians travel in forest using their mental representation of the ground. They visualize benchmarks: rivers, lakes, types of vegetation, mountains… and make use of it to progress; navigators autochtones make in the same way and sail without instrument in certain Pacific Islands.
Any activity which requires to solve problems and to create in the visuo-space field requires the use of this type of intellectual abilities. The geographers, the painters, fashion the designers, the architects, the photographers, the cameramen make profitable this intellectual potential. The architect Le Corbusier is an good example.
Interpersonal intelligence
The intelligence interpersonal (or social) makes it possible the individual to act and react with the others in a correct and adapted way. It leads it to note the differences and nuances of temperament, character, reasons for action between the people. It allows the empathy, the co-operation, the tolerance. It makes it possible to detect the intentions of somebody without they being acknowledged. This intelligence makes it possible to solve problems involved in our relations with the others; it enables us to include/understand and generate solutions valid for help them.
In the prehistoric companies, the social organization was important, hunting required the collaboration and the participation of the clan. The groups revolved around a chief who ensured solidarity and cohesion of it.
Body-kinesthetic intelligence
The kinesthetic intelligence is the capacity to use its body or part of its body to express an idea or a feeling, to carry out an activity or to create. Mario Lemieux was an good example, one said of him that it made intelligent pretenses and master keys. There thus exists a intellectual potential, which allows for example, with the player Basket-ball to calculate the height, the force and the effect of the throw to the basket. The brain anticipates the point of arrival of the balloon and sets in motion a series of movements to solve the problem. The possibilities of creation and expression of its emotions by the body show the presence of a intellectual potential on this level.
The intelligence verbo-linguistics
It is the aptitude to be thought with words and to employ the language to express or seize complex ideas. It is the form of the most common intelligence. One finds it among the writers and poets.
Intrapersonnelle intelligence
The intrapersonnelle intelligence without any doubt at the same time the most used and are noticed. It is a form of intelligence intuitive, instinctive, which draws its bases in the oldest parts and unknown factors of our brain. She requests more the field of the representations and the images that of the language.
It is a question of the capacity to decipher its own emotions, to remain open to its needs and its desires. It makes it possible to pre-empt its behaviors according to the good self-knowledge. It is this type of intelligence which one seeks to develop through the behavioral and/or spiritual activities such as the Yoga, the personal Développement, the Programmation neuro-linguistics, etc
Musical-rhythmic intelligence
The musical intelligence constitutes the aptitude to produce and appreciate a rate/rhythm, to recognize and include/understand sounds and melodies and to be expressed by the music.
The intelligence naturalist
The intelligence naturalist is the intelligence of the person able to classify, discriminate, recognize and use its knowledge on natural environment, the animals, the plants or minerals. She has a skill to recognize traces of animals, models of life in nature, to find means of survival; she knows the animals or the plants which she must avoid, the species which will enable him to be nourished. It is the intelligence of the hunter-gatherer of the forest, the biologist, the botanist, the ecologist, etc
The people who have this intelligence like to hold a book of notes of observations; they like to take care of animals, to cultivate a garden and are in favor of the establishment of parks in their city; they are followers of the conservation of their environment. Native-born people use this intelligence in an exceptional way.
Existential intelligence
Existential intelligence, or spiritual intelligence, at Howard Gardner, is defined by the aptitude to be questioned on the direction and the origin of the things (Winston Churchill). It is the capacity to think our origins and our destiny. This spiritual, existential or moral intelligence is still defined like the aptitude to be compared to the cosmic limits (the infinitely great and the infinitely small) or to enact rules or behaviors in connection with the fields of the life.
Multiple intelligences and multiple creativities
On a continuum pure intelligence (crystallized intelligence) - creative intelligence (fluid intelligence) - intelligent creativity (creativity applied) - pure creativity (artistic creativity), it is very difficult to make the difference between intelligence and creativity.
The paradigm of multiple creativities distinguishing the concrete forms from creativity of the adults gives currently better an account of the various forms of talents or intelligence that the theory of the multiple intelligences of Gardner presented in 1983.
The multiple creativities take as better counts of it the phenomenon of very many the Polymathe S, with the multiple intelligences, as the theory of the explanatory multiple intelligences of the rare monomathes does it.
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