the Farm of the animals ( Animal Farm ) is a novel of George Orwell published in 1945, describing a firm in which the animal revolt then take the to be able and drive out the man S, following the negligence of those in their opposition. Orwell will make with this delivers a Analogie rather explicit and particularly critical with regard to the effects of the Révolution Bolshevik, or more generally on the history of grave-diggers of the Labor movement .

Summary

One evening, all the animals of the farm of the Manor are convened in the barn by Sage the Old one, the oldest pig of the farm. This one their fact share of a dream that it made a few days earlier, in which a world removed from the human race had appeared to him. That showed the possibility for to him the many advantages whose animals could then profit (to work with dignity and either in slaves, to have leisures, to live longer, etc). Wise the Old one thus exhorts all the animals to be raised against the farmer, Mr. Jones, the single source of all their problems. He teaches them then a revolutionary song entitled Bêtes from England , from which he had remembered in his dream. Three days later Sage the Old one dies in its sleep.

By chance, the revolution takes place earlier and more easily than hoped. At the time one day when they are not only once nourished, the animals enter a deep anger and attack Mr. Jones and its farm laborers then drive out them farm, which entirely belongs to them from now on and which they re-elect animals Ferme . The new leaders are quickly appointed compared to their higher intelligence: the pigs Napoleon and Snowball, both assisted by Shine-Prattle, a goret well in flesh excelling in the art of the speech. All three set up a philosophical system which will govern from now on the life of the farm. They name it the Animalisme . Shortly after they join together the animals in the barn and write on the wall the seven great principles of this system:

• All deuxpattes is an enemy.
• All quatrepattes or all volatile a friend.
• No animal will not carry a Vêtement S.
• No animal will not sleep in a reads.
• No animal will not drink a alcohol.
• No animal will not kill another animal.
• All the animals are equal.

The pigs had indeed learned how with to write starting from old alphabetical Jones children. All then learn how with to read some letter S, some Mot S or usually according to their capacity. The animals start by after the Fenaison. Snowball is shown very active, distributing the animals in committee. Napoleon, on the other hand does not make large thing, if is not to remove pups with their Mère S for the to educate.

One day, Mr. Jones, accompanied by other farmers, tries to take again the farm, but the animals, in particular Snowball and the Cheval Malabar, fight with courage and push back them. Both are decorated for their valiancy in this confrontation, which one names battles of the Cattle shed .

Several Week S later, Snowball with the idea to create a Mill with wind on the Hill to generate electricity and to reduce the work of the animals. Napoleon is formally against this project which it finds useless and tries to convince of them the animals at the time of a Débat. But the charisma of Snowball makes marvellous impression on the audience. Napoleon then sends on Snowball the dogs which it had raised in hiding-place, become of solids molosses, and farm drives out it.

Napoleon announces that Snowball was anything else only a spy firm neighborhoods which tried by all the means of leading them to their loss, then declares that one will indeed build the mill, which was in fact its own idea. Napoleon cancels then the meetings and the debates and fact knowledge that from now on any question will be discussed by a committee of pigs. A Dictature is set up little by little, but runs up obviously against the seven commands of Animalisme. The pigs there thus operate subtle modifications and convince the other animals that them memory their cheek of the turns (thus, the principle No animal will not kill another animal becomes Nul animal will not kill another animal without valid reason ). Napoleon also states that to sing Bêtes of England is from now on prohibited.

The mill is destroyed by twice, once by the Vent and another time by the human ones (at the time of the battles of the Windmill ). Each time, Snowball is held by it responsible. Besides Shine-prattle certifies to accumulate secret documents which confirm that Snowball was well the agent of Jones since the beginning. During this time, the life of the other animals does not improve, while the pigs enjoy many privileges (they have larger rations, the right to rise later, do not take part in the drudgeries, etc). One day, the courageous horse Hefty fellow, exhausted by the construction of the two mills, fall seriously sick. Shine-prattle comes to be enquérir of its fate then declares with the animals that, on special order of the comrade Napoleon, Malabar immediately will be led to a hospital where it could be neat. Actually Malabar is sent to the slaughter-house, which will get for the pigs the money to buy a whiskey case.

The pigs put themselves shortly after to go on their legs of behind, to wear clothing of Jones and to supervise the tasks a whip with the leg. They also re-elect the farm under the title of Ferme of the Manor , its label of origin. One evening, they invite the farmers of the neighborhoods and are reconciled with them, promising to maintain the friendly relations and co-operatives henceforth. And the human ones to congratulate the pigs for their success: the animals of the Farm of the Animals manage to produce more work than their, without balking, with however of the food intakes of most reduced. And when the Douce mare requires of the Benjamin ass of him to read the commands registered on the wall, he says to him that there remains nothing any more but one about it:

• All the animals are equal but certain are more equal than others.

Characters

The events and the characters of the farm of the animals are inspired by the history of the Soviet Union. Orwell explicitly writes it about Napoleon that it associates with Stalin in one of his letters. The other characters often represent generic concepts and association with a historical character is given only as an indication.

Animal

• Wise Old the

It is an old pig which, following a dream, is the initiator of the revolutionary ideas. He dies shortly after to have presented his ideas, which will be put into practice by others up to a certain point. The such mausoleum of Lénine, its cranium is venerated like an idol in the youths of the revolution, until it falls into the lapse of memory and is finally buried. Wise the Old one is inspired by Lénine and Karl Marx. It also symbolizes the communist ideal .

• Napoleon

A corrupted pig which becomes leading farm and founds little by little a totalitarian mode. It raises in hiding-place nine pups and, once those become of impressive molosses, in fact its guard personal with which it will expel Snowball of the farm. Napoleon is inspired by Stalin.

• Snowball

A pig with the inventive spirit which is opposed to the ideas of Napoleon. Contrary to this last (thus in Stalin) and pareillement to Trotsky, he wants to export the revolution.

After being driven out farm by Napoleon, Snowball will be regarded as a traitor with the pay of the farmers and will become the goat-emissary of all misfortunes which will strike by after the life of the animals (destruction of the mill and confusions in all kinds, disappearance of keys,…).

Although Snowball had always been honest before its expulsion, all the animals will disparage it and it will fall finally into the lapse of memory.

This pig is inspired by Trotsky.

• Shine-Prattle

A goret of small size, well in flesh, excel speaker. Master of propaganda, it justifies the actions of Napoleon while constantly going to speak with the animals about the farm. When it does not manage any more to convince, it does not hesitate to use the buckled threat and the intimidation. For that he is escorted of two or three dogs of the Napoleon pig.

Progressively of the advance of the history and the control of the animals, Shine-Prattle subtly modifies during the night the Seven Commands to make them in conformity with the sometimes arbitrary and contestable decisions of the pigs.

In the same way, it influences the memory of the animals about the battles of the Cattle shed . With tact, persuasion even threat, it manages to render comprehensible to them how Snowball (Trotsky), hero of the revolution and decorated after this combat, had in fact tempted to lead them to their loss by means of a well calculated stratagem.

Shine-prattle symbolizes the Pravda or more generally all the body of Propagande.

• Hefty fellow

It is a Horse the draft, most honest of the workers of the farm and a veneration without terminal for Napoleon. Its two currencies are I will work harder and Napoleon is mistaken never . Hefty fellow is encensé by Napoleon, but this one will secretly sell it to a knacker to touch a reward.

Hefty fellow incarnates the Stakhanovisme and all this generation of Russian who believed sincerely and honestly in the Communisme.

• Brace

A corbel with the pay of Mr. Jones, then of Napoleon. He tries to convince the animals of the existence of the Mountain of Sucrecandi, the Paradis of the animals, where they would live after the Mort.

He represents the orthodoxe Eglise, and the religion in general, “opium of the people” according to Marx.

• Whim

It is a Jument which likes the ribbons and other trinkets (representing the luxury), and which likes to be cherished by the human ones. She prefers the flatteries and the sugar refineries with the " liberté" brought by the revolution, and will flee with the service of other human. Whim represents people who fled the the USSR after the revolution, the such intellectuals who emigrated in Europe with the beginning of the year 1920.

• Benjamin

Old a ass skeptic concerning the revolution, because visionary: before even as the pigs do not seize the power, it knew that would finish badly.

• the sheep

Not including/understanding anything, adopting most extremely and having the opinion of that which speaks in the last, they are clothing framed and handled by the pigs to choke under their number and their silly thing any inclination protester.

Thus, on orders of the pigs, they acclaim the pigs systematically and entonnent the revolutionary refrain Quattrepattes, yes! Deuxpattes, not! to prevent the protestors to express and thus close the debates with the advantage of the pigs.

Later, on order of Shine-Prattle, this refrain will become Quattrepattes, good! Deuxpattes, better! . The sheep represent the masses.

• the dogs

They are nine molosses constituting the personal guard of Napoleon, making it possible the latter to found a mode of terror. The dogs symbolize the Soviet services and secret polices (Tchéka, GPU, OGPU, NKVD, MVD, MGB, and the KGB).

Human

• Mr. Jones

It is the initial owner of the farm of the Manor, neglecting with its animals which he forgets one day to nourish, thus causing a rebellion.

He is inspired by the Tsar Nicolas II.

• Mr. Whymper

Human engaged by Napoleon to be used as intermediary in the commercial relations between the farm of the animals and the human ones.

• Mr. Frederick

The owner of the farm of Pinchfield. It represents Hitler and Pinchfield, the Nazi Germany.

• Mr. Pilkington

The owner of the farm of Foxwood. It represents Churchill and Foxwood, the England.

The parallel with the USSR

Before 1917

Russia gives the indication of a late power. The country is especially rural and only the land rich person and the tsar Nicolas II survive. The others are exploited (exploitation of the animals by Mr. Jones).

However, a revolutionary wind blows on Russia with in particular the communist ideas of Karl Marx or Lénine (dream of Wise the Old one).

1917-1921

The revolt can be finally organized more quickly because of the catch of severe measurements: it is the rising of October 1917 (lapse of memory by Mr. Jones to nourish the animals and rising of the latter)

A new mode settles with drastic measures (seven commands) sometimes badly accepted, from where many escapes (Whim which prefers the luxury, Moïse). Then, helped by their old allies (France and England), the rich person try to recover their country ( battles of the Cattle shed ). It is a defeat.

1921-1927

Lénine dies, Stalin and Trotsky are opposed to take the command of the mode (dissensions between Napoleon and Snowball at the time of the debates). Trotsky is for the permanent revolution and industry (Snowball and its windmill). Stalin persecutes Trotsky until his exile then (Snowball put in escape by the dogs of Napoleon).

1927-1939

Stalin then seizes the power which turns quickly to terror (execution of supposed treacherous, the decreased rations, exhausting work, the freedom removed progressively by the modification of the commands).

1939

On arrival of the war, Stalin is not combined with a precise camp: sometimes Germany, sometimes England (in which to sell the planks of wood? In Frederick where in Pilkington?). Then Germany invades Russia (attacks of Mr. Frederick: battles of the Windmill ). After some defeats (several massacred animals, destroyed mill), Russian ends up killing the invader (victory of the animals).

After the war

The totalitarianism of Stalin continues (Hefty fellow sold to a too weak butcher because, removed retirements, still decreased rations).

Finally, the prosperous USSR, Stalin grow rich (table of a richer farm at the end in spite of animals slaves) and can confront themselves with the other countries (the pigs, become human, receive farmers to play charts and to discuss businesses).

Preface censured

In the beginning, George Orwell had written a foreword in which he complained about the removal of his book by the British government and how this one removed criticisms against the Soviet Union, its ally during the second world war. “What there is of more worrying in the censure of the writings in England, it is that it is for a voluntary good portion. … Whoever lived some time in a foreign country could note how certain information, which normally should have made the headlines, was ignored by the British press, not following an intervention of the government, but because there had been a tacit agreement to consider that “such facts did not have” to be published. Ironically, the foreword itself was censured and is not published with the majority of the copies of the book.

Others

• Orwell wrote this book after various experiments which he lived, of which those during the Guerre of Spain. At the end of the account, the agreement concluded by the dominant animals with the other farmers at the time of a feast in fact for some a prophetic book, have regard to the behavior at the end of the 20th century of the Russian Nomenklatura and “people's democracies” Asian. Nevertheless, there existed since the beginning of the Russian revolution of the relations of Stalin, Lénine or Trotsky with the international bourgeoisies: Lénine and Trotsky with the governments of the Triple Alliance at the time of the Treated of Brest-Litovsk in 1921, or Stalin with the Democracy S European at the time of the war of Spain of 1936, or the pact germano-Soviet concluded between Stalin and Adolf Hitler in 1939.

• In 1954 left an adaptation '' the farm of the animals '' in the form of Cartoon.
• the Farm of the animals inspired to the album Animals group Pink Floyd.

Internal bond

• anti-totalitarian Literary works

External bond

• Full text in French on Ebooks free and free or
• Full text of '' the Farm of the animals '' in French

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