Telecommunications satellite - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

History

First missions

The first satellite equipped with an embarked radio operator relay transmitter was the ''' Russian Sputnik 1 ''', launched the October 4th 1957. The first American satellite to relay communications was called Project SCORE , launched the December 18th 1958. It used a cassette recorder to record, then to repeat, text messages. Its first diffused message was:

“This is the President off the United States speaking. Through the marvels off scientific advance, my voice is coming to you from has satellite dolly in outer space. My message has simple one: Single Through this means I convey to you and all mankind, America' S wish for peace one Earth and goodwill toward men everywhere. ”

This message was sent for Christmas 1958 by the president Eisenhower. NASA then sent the satellite ''' Echo ''' in 1960. It was a balloon of more than 30 meters (100 feet) of diameter, fact of FART covered with Aluminum. It was used as passive relay of reflection for the radio communications. The Courier 1B , manufactured by the American firm Philco, launched the October 4th 1960, will remain in the history as being the first satellite with an active repeater on board. Its mission lasted 17 days…

''' TELSTAR 1 ''' was the first active satellite to relay communications directly intercontinental. It was created by a multinational group composed of AT&T, Laboratoires Beautiful, NASA, of English of General Post Office (ancestor of British Telecom) and postal and telecommunications authorities French, to develop the satellite communications. It was launched by NASA from the Cap Canaveral the July 10th 1962, it was besides the first private launching of the history. It was placed on an elliptic orbit, making it tower of the Ground in 157 minutes, in plan cutting the plan of the equator to 45°.

The initiator of the satellites with Geostationary orbit will be the satellite Syncom 2 , launched the July 26th 1963 by the firm Hughes Aircraft Company of Howard Hughes. Syncom made it tower of the Earth in one day, at constant speed, but its position varied in a North-South direction, one thus needed special equipment to continue it.

Geostationary orbit

A satellite in Geostationary orbit seems fixed with an observer placed on Earth. It makes it tower of the Earth in 24:00, at constant speed, the vertical of the equator.

The geostationary orbit is very practical for the applications of communication because the antennas on the ground, which must imperatively be pointed towards the satellite, can function effectively without having to be equipped with a system of continuation of the movements of the satellite, system very expensive and complicated to exploit. In the case of applications requiring a very great number of antennas on the ground (like the diffusion of bouquets of digital television), the savings made on the equipment on the ground largely justify the technological complexity of the satellite and the overcost of the setting on a relatively high orbit (nearly 36.000 km).

The concept of geostationary communications satellite was exposed for the first time by Arthur C. Clarke, being based on work of Constantin Tsiolkovski and on an article of Hermann Potočnik, written in 1929 under the pseudonym of Hermann Noordung, with for title Das Problem der Befahrung of Weltraums - der Raketen-motor . In October 1945 Clarke published an article entitled “Extra-terrestrial Relays” in the British magazine Wireless World . The article describes the fundamental laws governing the deployment of artificial satellite in geostationary orbit at ends to relay radio operator signals. For this reason, Arthur C. Clarke is regarded as the inventive communications satellite.

The first geostationary communications satellite was Canadian, it was the Anik 1 , launched the November 9th 1972; it will remain in exploitation until the July 15th 1982. The the United States of America will follow little time after, Western Union launching the satellite ''' Westar 1 ''' the April 13rd 1974, and RCA Americom (become ITS Americom nowadays) launching the satellite Satcom 1 the December 12th 1975.

Satcom 1 was at the origin of the success of the cabled chains American like WTBS, HBO, CBN, The Weather Chanel, etc while making it possible these last to reach the heads of all the lans by satellite. Moreover, this satellite was the first used by the great television networks, like ABC, NBC or CBS to feed their local subsidiary companies in programs. Satcom 1 was so largely used because he proposed twice more band-width (24 Transpondeur S instead of 12 for Westar 1 ), and thus had costs of exploitations quite less.

In 2000, Hughes Space and Communications (repurchased since by Boeing Satellite Development Center had built nearly 40% of the satellites in exploitation in the whole world. The other important manufacturers are Loral Space Systems, Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Northrop Grumman, Alcatel Alenia Space (and its great series of the Spacebus®) and EADS Astrium.

Satellites in low terrestrial orbit

A low terrestrial orbit is a circular orbit, between 350 and 1400 km of the surface of the Earth, and thus consequently, a period (lasted of the revolution of the satellite around the Earth) of approximately 90 minutes. Because of their low altitude, these satellites are only visible in a radius of 1.000 km around the point with the vertical of which the satellite is. Moreover, the satellites in low orbit move quickly compared to a fixed point on Earth, therefore even for local uses, a great number of satellites are necessary if the application requires a permanent connectivity.

The satellites in low terrestrial orbit are much less expensive to put into orbit than the geostationary satellites, and thanks to their proximity with the ground, asks for a less important power of signal. The cost of each satellite being quite less, it can be interesting to launch some in greater number, launching being also less expensive, as well as the equipment necessary to the exploitation on the ground.

A functioning whole of satellites in concert is known under the name of satellite constellation. Several of these constellations provide services of wireless telephony by satellite, at the origin towards isolated zones. The Iridium network for example uses 66 satellites. Another constellation, launched by the founder of Microsoft, Paul Allen had to 720 satellites. Another possible use of these systems is the data record received at the time of the passage to the top of a terrestrial zone, and its retransmission at the time of the passage on another zone. It will be the case with the system CASCADES, of the Canadian project CASSIOPE of satellite communication.

Satellites in Orbit of Molniya

As indicated above, the geostationary satellites are necessarily with the vertical of the equator. Consequently, they are rather not very powerful under high Latitude S: in such zones, a geostationary satellite will appear very low, even under the horizon, stopping connectivity and creating important interferences, the antenna then receiving more electronic noise (created by all the electromagnetic waves meeting the ground) ground that of signal useful. The first satellite Molniya was launched the April 23rd 1965 and was used for experimental Transmission S of Télévision, the emission being done since Moscow, and various receptions in Siberia and in the Russian Far East , with Norilsk, Khabarovsk, Magadan and Vladivostok. In November 1967, the engineers Soviet S created a system of national television per single satellite, called Orbita, based on satellites Molniya .

The orbit of Molniya can be very interesting there in these cases. It is very tilted, thus guaranteeing a good rise with the top in the interested zones when the satellite is in the northern part of its orbit (the Analemme). Rise is the relative position of the satellite compared to the horizontal plane. Thus a satellite at the horizon will have a null rise, and it will have a rise in 90° when it is with the vertical of the point of observation.

Moreover, the orbit of Molniya is calculated so that the satellite passes most of its time to the top of the most Scandinavian latitudes, period during which its track changes relatively little. The period of this orbit is one half-day (12h), which returns the satellite usable lasting 8:00 to each second revolution. Thus, a constellation of three satellites Molniya (more one of help in orbit) could provide a permanent cover of the latitudes north.

The satellites in orbit of Molniya are primarily used for telephone services and of television to the top of the Russia. Another application makes it possible to use them for systems of radio operator mobile (even under less low latitudes) because the vehicles circulating in strongly urbanized surfaces need satellites with important rises to guarantee a good connectivity even in the presence of high buildings.

Applications

Telephony

Even competed with, the application which is always most important for the communications satellites is the international Téléphonie. The local exchanges transport the calls to an earth station (also called teleport), from where they are emitted in direction of a geostationary satellite. Then this satellite retransmet towards another station which proceeds to the reception with the final routing. The satellite mobile phones (since boats, planes, etc) them are connected directly to the satellite. They must thus be able to emit a signal and to point it towards the satellite even in the event of movements (vague on a boat, displacement and turbulences in the plane)

The traditional cell phones do not use the satellite, but a whole constellation of stations of emission and reception on the ground.

Television and radio

In television and radio, one traditionally separates the uses in two groups: occasional services (OR for Occasional Uses, in French connections of contributions, or transmissions) and permanent services (ITV for International TV, in French diffusion). Indeed, the number of receivers varies: maximum a few tens of professionals in OR, several hundreds of thousands, even million, of private individuals in ITV. The technical constraints are thus completely different, while using the same satellites.

A service ITV transmit bound for small reception antennas (of 60 cm with 1.10m in Europe) located directly at the private individuals. In general the frequencies used were in the band K (Ku, from 10.70 to 12.75 GHz, Ka, from 20 to 30 GHz), even if nowadays, with the evolution of technologies, one is able to diffuse in band C (from 3.7 to 4.2 GHz) worms of the private individuals (it is the case of the bouquet Canal Horizon in Africa for example). One speaks about diffusion DTH (Direct-To-Home, i.e. directly towards the private individual). The main operators in Europe are BSkyB with the the United Kingdom, CanalSatellite in France, ExpressVu with the Canada or Sky Angel with the the United States of America.

A service OR is a connection of has towards B (case of unilateral) or of has towards B, C, D… with a limited number of receivers (case of multilateral). In the beginning, these services used the band C and the lower half of the Ku band. Nowadays, everyone uses the frequencies available, the resource being limited, the large need and the technical constraints related to the use of such band rather than such other tending to disappear. They are connections used to bring back images not assembled to the seat of a chain for example, or to cover an external event on line. One meets also applications of Télémédecine, remote teaching, international Visioconférence, etc This service type is also used to ensure the image supply of customers of agencies (like the UER, APTN, Reuters).

In the past, the satellites used for services OR were different from the satellites for services ITV. Indeed, they emitted with less powers, which required antennas with a strong profit, therefore a large diameter (4.80m - 6.30m bandages of it Ku, 11m - 13m to see more bandages C of them, were sizes usually used).

Nowadays, with the increase in the sensitivity of the receivers, everyone uses satellites at reduced power, that it is in transmission or diffusion, the operators guaranteeing the quality of the point-to-point connections thanks to the size of the antennas used, which enables them of more than keep large antennas which would not take place to be if not. But nothing prevents a private individual, equipped with a system reception good quality, to receive unilateral connections which are not intended to him (if these last are not encrypted of course, which is increasingly rare). It is not rare besides nowadays to see the satellite operators mixing on the same satellites, to see sometimes the same repeaters, these two types of transmissions. Certain channels of the European bouquets are even reserved for encrypted privative connections.

In Europe, the two main operators of transmissions (which exploit the connections, but are not inevitably owners of the satellites or of the channels used) are Globecast, subsidiary of France Telecom and BT Media and Broadcast, subsidiary of BT Group. These operators manage teleports as well (station of emission and reception) that fleets of trucks SNG (Satellite News Gathering, i.e. satellite truck of transmissions).

Technologies satellite mobiles

In the beginning intended for the diffusion towards fixed points of receptions, technologies of diffusion of satellite television took a turning in 2004, with the arrival of two new systems of transmissions by satellites in the United States. The systems SIRIUS and XM Satellite radio Holdings indeed allow the diffusion of satellite television towards mobile receivers. Manufacturers also launched new special antennas for the mobile reception of satellite television. Using technology GPS as reference, these antennas are repointent automatically towards the satellite, whatever the position and the movement of the antenna base. This type of mobile satellite antenna is very appreciated owners of Camping-car S for example. These antennas are also used by the airline company JetBlue, which allows its passengers thus to have a television channel on line, visible in flight on monitors LCD assembled in the files of the seats.

Radio amateur

The operators of radio amateur have access to the satellites OSCAR which were designed especially for this use. The majority of these satellites function like Répéteur S and are in general accessible to the amateurs equipped in UHF or VHF with very directing antennas, like antennas of the type Yagi, or parabolic aerials. Because of the limitations of the equipment on the ground, the majority of these satellites are in a low terrestrial orbit, and can transmit only one number limited of short contacts to a given moment. Some of these satellites provide also retransmission of data, using the protocols AX.25 or similar.

Internet and given by satellite

See also: Very Small Aperture Final, VSAT

For a few years, technologies of satellite communication have been used for connections Internet to high-flow. It is especially very useful for very isolated users who cannot be connected in ADSL or via the phone network. These technologies are also useful for companies or organizations established universally and not wanting to depend on a operator of telecommunication local always reliable step, and which wants that all their networks are managed by the same operator (see for example this case study.

List satellites of Communication

Currently list geostationary satellites of telecommunication in exploitation

Satellites - Length (°E) - Operator - Web site

Astra 1C - 2,0 - ITS Astra - http://www.ses-astra.com/
Sirius 2 - 4,8 - ITS Sirius - http://www.ses-sirius.com/
Sirius 3 - 5,0 - ITS Sirius - http://www.ses-sirius.com/
Eutelsat W3A - 7,0 - Eutelsat - http://www.eutelsat.com/
Eurobird 10 - 10,0 - Eutelsat - http://www.eutelsat.com/
Eutelsat W1 - 10,0 - Eutelsat - http://www.eutelsat.com/
Hot Bird 2 - 13,0 - Eutelsat - http://www.eutelsat.com/
Hot Bird 6 - 13,0 - Eutelsat - http://www.eutelsat.com/
Hot Bird 7A - 13,0 - Eutelsat - http://www.eutelsat.com/
Hot Bird 8 - 13,0 - Eutelsat - http://www.eutelsat.com/
Eutelsat W2 - 16,0 - Eutelsat - http://www.eutelsat.com/
Astra 1E - 19,2 - ITS Astra - http://www.ses-astra.com/
Astra 1F - 19,2 - ITS Astra - http://www.ses-astra.com/
Astra 1G - 19,2 - ITS Astra - http://www.ses-astra.com/
Astra 1:00 - 19,2 - ITS Astra - http://www.ses-astra.com/
Astra 1KR - 19,2 - ITS Astra - http://www.ses-astra.com/
Astra 2C - 19,2 - ITS Astra - http://www.ses-astra.com/
AfriStar 1 - 21,0 - -
Eutelsat W6 - 21,6 - Eutelsat - http://www.eutelsat.com/
Astra 1D - 23,5 - ITS Astra - http://www.ses-astra.com/
Astra 3A - 23,5 - ITS Astra - http://www.ses-astra.com/
Inmarsat 3 f5 - 25,0 - Inmarsat - http://www.inmarsat.com/
Eurobird 2 - 25,8 - Eutelsat - http://www.eutelsat.com/
Badr 3 - 26,0 - Arabsat - http://www.arabsat.com/
Badr 4 - 26,0 - Arabsat - http://www.arabsat.com/
Badr C - 26,2 - Arabsat - http://www.arabsat.com/
Astra 2A - 28,2 - ITS Astra - http://www.ses-astra.com/
Astra 2B - 28,2 - ITS Astra - http://www.ses-astra.com/
Astra 2D - 28,2 - ITS Astra - http://www.ses-astra.com/
Eurobird 1 - 28,5 - Eutelsat - http://www.eutelsat.com/
Arabsat 2B - 30,5 - Arabsat - http://www.arabsat.com/
Intelsat 802 - 32,9 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
Eurobird 3 - 33,0 - Eutelsat - http://www.eutelsat.com/
Eutelsat Sesat - 36,0 - Eutelsat - http://www.eutelsat.com/
Eutelsat W4 - 36,0 - Eutelsat - http://www.eutelsat.com/
Paksat 1 - 38,0 - Paksat - http://www.paksat.com.pk/
Alas Sat 2 - 39,0 - Alas Sat - http://www.hellas-sat.net/
Express train AM1 - 40,0 - RSCC - http://www.rscc.ru/en/
Türksat 1C - 42,0 - Türksat - http://www.turksat.com.tr/v2/english/
Türksat 2A - 42,0 - Türksat - http://www.turksat.com.tr/v2/english/
NOT 12 - 45,0 - PanAmSat - http://www.panamsat.com/
G-Sat 2 - 48,0 - ISRO - http://www.isro.org/
Yamal 202 - 49,0 - JSC Gascom - http://www.gascom.ru/index.php?lang=en&screen=sitemap
Intelsat 706 - 50,2 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
Express train AM22 - 53,0 - RSCC - http://www.rscc.ru/en/
Intelsat 702 - 54,8 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
Insat 3rd - 55,0 - ISRO - http://www.isro.org/
Bonum 1 - 56,0 - RSCC - http://www.rscc.ru/en/
NSS 703 - 57,0 - ITS Newskies - http://www.ses-newskies.com/
Intelsat 904 - 60,0 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
Intelsat 902 - 62,0 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
Intelsat 906 - 64,2 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
Inmarsat 3 f1 - 64,5 - Inmarsat - http://www.inmarsat.com/
Intelsat 704 - 66,0 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
NOT 10 - 68,5 - PanAmSat - http://www.panamsat.com/
NOT 7 - 68,5 - PanAmSat - http://www.panamsat.com/
Eutelsat W5 - 70,5 - Eutelsat - http://www.eutelsat.com/
NOT 4 - 72,0 - PanAmSat - http://www.panamsat.com/
Edusat - 74,0 - ISRO - http://www.isro.org/
Insat 3C - 74,0 - ISRO - http://www.isro.org/
Kalpana 1 - 74,0 - ISRO - http://www.isro.org/
ABS 1 - 75,0 - Satellite Asia Broadcast - http://www.absatellite.net/
TELSTAR 10 - 76,5 - Loral Skynet - http://www.loralskynet.com/glb_fleet.asp
Thaicom 2 - 78,5 - Thaicom - http://www.thaicom.net/pages/our_satellite.aspx
Thaicom 5 - 78,5 - Thaicom - http://www.thaicom.net/pages/our_satellite.aspx
Beidou 2 - 80,0 - SinoSat - http://www.sinosat.com.cn/english/Satellite%20Systems.htm
Express train AM2 - 80,0 - RSCC - http://www.rscc.ru/en/
Insat 2nd - 83,0 - ISRO - http://www.isro.org/
Insat 3B - 83,0 - ISRO - http://www.isro.org/
Insat 4A - 83,0 - ISRO - http://www.isro.org/
Intelsat 709 - 85,2 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
ChinaStar 1 - 87,5 - ChinaStar - http://www.chinastar.com.cn/english/sate/area.html
ST 1 - 88,0 - MEASAT Satellite System - http://www.mlesat.com/Measat.html
Yamal 201 - 90,0 - JSC Gascom - http://www.gascom.ru/index.php?lang=en&screen=sitemap
DRTS - 90,8 - NASDA Japan - http://www.nasda.go.jp/projects/sat/drts/index_e.html
Measat 3 - 91,0 - Satellite MEASAT System - http://www.mlesat.com/Measat.html
Measat 1 - 91,5 - Satellite MEASAT System - http://www.mlesat.com/Measat.html
Insat 3A - 93,5 - ISRO - http://www.isro.org/
NSS 6 - 95,0 - ITS Newskies - http://www.ses-newskies.com/
Sinosat 2 - 95,0 - SinoSat - http://www.sinosat.com.cn/english/Satellite%20Systems.htm
Chinasat 22 - 98,0 - SinoSat - http://www.sinosat.com.cn/english/Satellite%20Systems.htm
Chinasat 22A - 98,0 - SinoSat - http://www.sinosat.com.cn/english/Satellite%20Systems.htm
AsiaSat 2 - 100,5 - AsiaSat - http://www.asiasat.com.hk/eng/00_home/home.html
Chinasat 20 - 103,0 - SinoSat - http://www.sinosat.com.cn/english/Satellite%20Systems.htm
KazSat 1 - 103,0 - KazSat - http://www.russianspaceweb.com/kazsat.html
AsiaStar - 105,0 - AsiaStar - http://www.95880.com.cn/
AsiaSat 3S - 105,5 - AsiaSat - http://www.asiasat.com.hk/eng/00_home/home.html
Telkom 1 - 108,0 - Telkom Indonesia - http://www.telkom.co.id/
AAP 1 - 108,2 - ITS Americom - http://www.ses-americom.com/
BS 3N - 110,0 - B Sat - http://www.b-sat.co.jp/english/main.html
BSAT 1A - 110,0 - B Sat - http://www.b-sat.co.jp/english/main.html
BSAT 2A - 110,0 - B Sat - http://www.b-sat.co.jp/english/main.html
BSAT 2C - 110,0 - B Sat - http://www.b-sat.co.jp/english/main.html
N-Sat 110 - 110,0 - Jsat - http://www.jsat.net/en/satellite/
Beidou 3 - 110,5 - SinoSat - http://www.sinosat.com.cn/english/Satellite%20Systems.htm
Sinosat 1 - 110,5 - SinoSat - http://www.sinosat.com.cn/english/Satellite%20Systems.htm
Koreasat 5 - 113,0 - Koreasat - http://www.koreasat.com/
Palapa C2 - 113,0 - Telkom Indonesia - http://www.telkom.co.id/
Koreasat 2 - 114,0 - Koreasat - http://www.koreasat.com/
Koreasat 3 - 116,0 - Koreasat - http://www.koreasat.com/
Telkom 2 - 118,0 - Telkom Indonesia - http://www.telkom.co.id/
Ipstar - 119,5 - Thaicom - http://www.thaicom.net/pages/our_satellite.aspx
Thaicom 1A - 120,0 - Thaicom - http://www.thaicom.net/pages/our_satellite.aspx
AsiaSat 4 - 122,2 - AsiaSat - http://www.asiasat.com.hk/eng/00_home/home.html
JCSAT 4A - 124,0 - Jsat - http://www.jsat.net/en/satellite/
JCSAT 3A - 128,0 - Jsat - http://www.jsat.net/en/satellite/
JCSAT 1B - 129,0 - Jsat - http://www.jsat.net/en/satellite/
JCSAT 5A - 132,0 - Jsat - http://www.jsat.net/en/satellite/
Apstar 6 - 134,0 - Satellite APT Group - http://www.apstar.com.cn/
N-Star B - 136,0 - Jsat - http://www.jsat.net/en/satellite/
N-Star C - 136,0 - Jsat - http://www.jsat.net/en/satellite/
TELSTAR 18 - 138,0 - Loral Skynet - http://www.loralskynet.com/glb_fleet.asp
Beidou 1 - 140,0 - SinoSat - http://www.sinosat.com.cn/english/Satellite%20Systems.htm
Express train AM3 - 140,0 - RSCC - http://www.rscc.ru/en/
MTSAT 1R - 140,0 - MTSat - http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/satellite/
MBSat - 144,0 - MBCO - http://www.mbco.co.jp/english/index.html
Superbird C - 144,0 - Space Communication Corporation - http://www.superbird.co.jp/english/
MTSAT 2 - 145,0 - MTSat - http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/satellite/
Agila 2 - 146,0 - Mabuhay Satellite Company - http://www.mabuhaysat.com/
Measat 2 - 148,0 - Satellite MEASAT System - http://www.mlesat.com/Measat.html
JCSAT R - 150,0 - Jsat - http://www.jsat.net/en/satellite/
Optus B3 - 152,0 - Optus Business - https://optusbusiness.com.au/00/00.asp
JCSAT 2A - 154,0 - Jsat - http://www.jsat.net/en/satellite/
Optus C1 - 156,0 - Optus Business - https://optusbusiness.com.au/00/00.asp
Optus D1 - 160,0 - Optus Business - https://optusbusiness.com.au/00/00.asp
Superbird B2 - 162,0 - Space Communication Corporation - http://www.superbird.co.jp/english/
NOT 8 - 166,0 - PanAmSat - http://www.panamsat.com/
NOT 2 - 169,0 - PanAmSat - http://www.panamsat.com/
AMC 23 - 172,0 - ITS Americom - http://www.ses-americom.com/
NSS 5 - 177,0 - ITS Newskies - http://www.ses-newskies.com/
Inmarsat 3 f3 - 178,0 - Inmarsat - http://www.inmarsat.com/
Intelsat 701 - 180,0 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
EchoStar 1 - 212,0 - Dish Network - http://www.dishnetwork.com/content/aboutus/satellites/index.shtml
EchoStar 2 - 212,0 - Dish Network - http://www.dishnetwork.com/content/aboutus/satellites/index.shtml
Inmarsat 3 f4 - 218,0 - Inmarsat - http://www.inmarsat.com/
AMC 8 - 221,0 - ITS Americom - http://www.ses-americom.com/
AMC 7 - 223,0 - ITS Americom - http://www.ses-americom.com/
AMC 10 - 225,0 - ITS Americom - http://www.ses-americom.com/
GOES 11 - 225,0 - NOAA - http://www.osd.noaa.gov/GOES/
Galaxy 15 - 227,0 - PanAmSat - http://www.panamsat.com/
AMC 11 - 229,0 - ITS Americom - http://www.ses-americom.com/
EchoStar 5 - 231,0 - Dish Network - http://www.dishnetwork.com/content/aboutus/satellites/index.shtml
Intelsat Americas 7 - 231,0 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
Galaxy 13 - 233,0 - PanAmSat - http://www.panamsat.com/
Horizons 1 - 233,0 - PanAmSat - http://www.panamsat.com/
Galaxy 12 - 235,0 - PanAmSat - http://www.panamsat.com/
Galaxy 14 - 235,0 - PanAmSat - http://www.panamsat.com/
Galaxy 10R - 237,0 - PanAmSat - http://www.panamsat.com/
EchoStar 9 - 239,0 - Dish Network - http://www.dishnetwork.com/content/aboutus/satellites/index.shtml
Intelsat Americas 13 - 239,0 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
DirecTV 7S - 241,0 - DirecTV - http://www.directv.com/
EchoStar 7 - 241,0 - Dish Network - http://www.dishnetwork.com/content/aboutus/satellites/index.shtml
AMC 16 - 241,2 - ITS Americom - http://www.ses-americom.com/
SatMex 5 - 243,2 - SatMex - http://www.satmex.com/english/
XM 4 - 245,0 - XM Radio - http://xmradio.ca/
XM Rock'n'roll - 245,0 - XM Radio - http://xmradio.ca/
XM Roll - 245,0 - XM Radio - http://xmradio.ca/
Solidaridad 2 - 245,1 - SatMex - http://www.satmex.com/english/
SatMex 6 - 247,0 - SatMex - http://www.satmex.com/english/
Anik F2 - 248,9 - Télésat - http://www.anik-f1.ca/fre/satellites/index.htm
EchoStar 6 - 249,6 - Dish Network - http://www.dishnetwork.com/content/aboutus/satellites/index.shtml
EchoStar 10 - 250,0 - Dish Network - http://www.dishnetwork.com/content/aboutus/satellites/index.shtml
EchoStar 8 - 250,0 - Dish Network - http://www.dishnetwork.com/content/aboutus/satellites/index.shtml
DirecTV 5 - 250,2 - DirecTV - http://www.directv.com/
WildBlue 1 - 251,0 - WildBlue - http://www.wildblue.com/
Anik F1 - 252,7 - Télésat - http://www.anik-f1.ca/fre/satellites/index.htm
Anik F 1R - 252,7 - Télésat - http://www.anik-f1.ca/fre/satellites/index.htm
MSAT 1 - 253,5 - Satellite Mobile Venture - http://www.msvlp.com/
AMC 15 - 255,0 - ITS Americom - http://www.ses-americom.com/
GOES 13 - 255,0 - - http://www.osd.noaa.gov/GOES/
AMC 1 - 257,0 - ITS Americom - http://www.ses-americom.com/
Spaceway 1 - 257,2 - DirecTV - http://www.directv.com/
DirecTV 4S - 258,8 - DirecTV - http://www.directv.com/
DirecTV 9S - 258,9 - DirecTV - http://www.directv.com/
AMC 4 - 259,0 - ITS Americom - http://www.ses-americom.com/
DirecTV 1R - 259,2 - DirecTV - http://www.directv.com/
DirecTV 8 - 259,2 - DirecTV - http://www.directv.com/
Spaceway 2 - 260,8 - DirecTV - http://www.directv.com/
Galaxy 16 - 261,0 - PanAmSat - http://www.panamsat.com/
Intelsat Americas 5 - 263,0 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
Galaxy 3C - 265,0 - PanAmSat - http://www.panamsat.com/
Intelsat Americas 6 - 267,0 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
Brasilsat B4 - 268,0 - StarOne Brasil - http://www.starone.com.br/
Nimiq 4i - 268,9 - Télésat - http://www.anik-f1.ca/fre/satellites/index.htm
Galaxy 11 - 269,0 - PanAmSat - http://www.panamsat.com/
Nimiq 1 - 269,0 - Télésat - http://www.anik-f1.ca/fre/satellites/index.htm
Intelsat Americas 8 - 271,0 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
AMC 3 - 273,0 - ITS Americom - http://www.ses-americom.com/
XM 3 - 274,9 - XM Radio - http://xmradio.ca/
AMC 2 - 275,0 - ITS Americom - http://www.ses-americom.com/
Brasilsat B3 - 276,0 - StarOne Brasil - http://www.starone.com.br/
AMC 9 - 277,0 - ITS Americom - http://www.ses-americom.com/
Nimiq 2 - 278,0 - Télésat - http://www.anik-f1.ca/fre/satellites/index.htm
Nimiq 3 - 278,0 - Télésat - http://www.anik-f1.ca/fre/satellites/index.htm
AMC 18 - 280,0 - ITS Americom - http://www.ses-americom.com/
AMC 5 - 281,0 - ITS Americom - http://www.ses-americom.com/
EchoStar 4 - 283,0 - Dish Network - http://www.dishnetwork.com/content/aboutus/satellites/index.shtml
Galaxy 4R - 283,2 - PanAmSat - http://www.panamsat.com/
GOES 12 - 285,0 - - http://www.osd.noaa.gov/GOES/
Galaxy 9 - 285,8 - PanAmSat - http://www.panamsat.com/
SBS 6 - 286,0 - PanAmSat - http://www.panamsat.com/
DirecTV 1 - 287,5 - DirecTV - http://www.directv.com/
AMC 6 - 288,0 - ITS Americom - http://www.ses-americom.com/
Nahuel 1 - 288,2 - Télésat - http://www.anik-f1.ca/fre/satellites/index.htm
Brasilsat B1 - 290,0 - StarOne Brasil - http://www.starone.com.br/
Brasilsat B2 - 295,0 - StarOne Brasil - http://www.starone.com.br/
Estrela C Sul 1 - 297,0 - ANATEL Brasil - http://www.anatel.gov.br/satelite/default.asp?CodArea=34&CodPrinc=1
EchoStar 3 - 298,5 - Dish Network - http://www.dishnetwork.com/content/aboutus/satellites/index.shtml
Rainbow 1 - 298,5 - Dish Network - http://www.dishnetwork.com/content/aboutus/satellites/index.shtml
Amazonas - 299,0 - Hispasat - http://www.hispasat.com/
NOT 9 - 302,0 - PanAmSat - http://www.panamsat.com/
Intelsat 805 - 304,5 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
Intelsat 707 - 307,0 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
Intelsat 705 - 310,0 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
NOT 1R - 315,0 - PanAmSat - http://www.panamsat.com/
NOT 3R - 316,9 - PanAmSat - http://www.panamsat.com/
NOT 6B - 317,0 - PanAmSat - http://www.panamsat.com/
NSS 806 - 319,5 - ITS Newskies - http://www.ses-newskies.com/
AMC 12 - 322,5 - ITS Americom - http://www.ses-americom.com/
Intelsat 903 - 325,5 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
Intelsat 801 - 328,5 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
Hispasat 1C - 330,0 - Hispasat - http://www.hispasat.com/
Hispasat 1D - 330,0 - Hispasat - http://www.hispasat.com/
SpainSat - 330,0 - Hispasat - http://www.hispasat.com/
Intelsat 907 - 332,5 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
Intelsat 905 - 335,5 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
NSS 7 - 338,0 - ITS Newskies - http://www.ses-newskies.com/
Intelsat 901 - 342,0 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
Inmarsat 3 f2 - 344,5 - Inmarsat - http://www.inmarsat.com/
TELSTAR 12 - 345,0 - Loral Skynet - http://www.loralskynet.com/glb_fleet.asp
A4 Express train - 346,0 - RSCC - http://www.rscc.ru/en/
Atlantic Bird 1 - 347,5 - Eutelsat - http://www.eutelsat.com/
A3 Express train - 349,0 - RSCC - http://www.rscc.ru/en/
Atlantic Bird 2 - 352,0 - Eutelsat - http://www.eutelsat.com/
Atlantic Bird 4 - 352,8 - Eutelsat - http://www.eutelsat.com/
Nilesat 101 - 353,0 - NileSat - http://www.nilesat.com.eg/
Nilesat 102 - 353,0 - NileSat - http://www.nilesat.com.eg/
Atlantic Bird 3 - 355,0 - Eutelsat - http://www.eutelsat.com/
Amos 1 - 356,0 - RRSat Israel - http://www.rrsat.com/amos.htm
Amos 2 - 356,0 - RRSat Israel - http://www.rrsat.com/amos.htm
Meteosat 8 - 356,6 - -
Intelsat 10-02 - 359,0 - Intelsat - http://www.intelsat.com/
Thor 2 - 359,2 - TelenorSBC - http://www.telenorsbc.com/
Thor 3 - 359,2 - TelenorSBC - http://www.telenorsbc.com/

Notes and references of the article

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