In economy, the technological advance , or technological advancement , the improvement of the scientific knowledge and the organization of the production represents which allow an improvement of the Productivité, i.e. an increase in the Production for one quantitée fixed of Factors of production used (the work, but also the Capital, like the machines). It contributes to a large extent to the “ total Productivité of the factors ” (PGF).
In the broad sense, technological advance indicates the whole of the innovations which can improve:
- the capital and labor productivity: for example mechanization, the scientific management or formation, etc
- the general productivity of the economy: creation of new markets, new products, Regulation S or Deregulation S of the State, etc
Technological advance is due to an improvement of the human Connaissance S applied to the Production. It allowed the enrichment of our companies since the origins of humanity (invention of the Agriculture, of the Roue,…), and, in a more important way, since the beginning of the Industrial revolution.
It is the independent factor of growth of GDP per capita and the Standard of living. The growth due to technological advance is the intensive Croissance, in opposition to the extensive Croissance.
History of the productivity gains
August 1stDuring Thirty Glorious, in France, the productivity gains were very important, by correction of the technological level of the the United States. Since, the productivity gains are less.
Consequences
Technological advance allows an increase in the economic and social standard of living, and an increase in the Life expectancy, an improvement of health, a reduction in the painfulness of work, etc technological advance thus has to a certain extent consequences on the development.
So in certain cases, technological advance tends to remove certain employment (automation,…), in the long run progress is generally associated with an economic prosperity and an increase in employment, by the means of a permanent innovation. This effect of modification of employment is developed by Schumpeter under the name of " Creative destruction ". For example, the African continent is that which is touched the least by technological advance, and he knows official and semi-official Unemployment rate very high.
In the history, technological advance, by allowing a higher productivity, allowed wages more raised downtown than in the campaigns, and supported the Rural migration.
If it allowed the development of polluting techniques (motor vehicles, aéropropulsion,…), technological advance especially allowed an increase in the agricultural Rendements which caused a demographic Explosion. The question of the soutenability of the Economic development is put, within the framework of a Sustainable development, in particular by the movements ecologists. Technological advance can however be with same, if it is correctly used, to allow a clean Croissance and sparing in Natural resources épuisables (driving with hydrogen, improvement of the “bougism”}} which seems a mirage is denounced in particular by [[Jean Baudrillard]] and quite front by [[Jacques Ellul]].
=== See also ===
* [[technical Training]]
* [[Luddisme]]
* [[Joseph Schumpeter]]
* [[Alfred Sauvy]]
* [[Innovation]]
* [[Work (economy)]]
* [[Model of Solow]]
== external Liens and == sources
* “[http://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_REVUE=INNO&ID_NUMPUBLIE=INNO_014&ID_ARTICLE=INNO_014_0067 technological advance at Joan Robinson: a test of systematization and formalization]”, Claudia Heller, '' Cahiers of economy of the innovation '', n°14, 2001-02, p. 67-96
* “[http://afgarcon.googlepages.com/ the Techniques have a history]”, Cours on the History of the concept of Progress, Anne-Francoise Garçon
== Notes and references ==
| Random links: | Neal Cassady | Rothari | Circus of Pyongyang | Qamsar | Professors de Poudlard |