A technical (of the Greek τέχνη , art, trade know-how) is one or a whole of method S, in the trade S handbooks it is often associated with a Dexterity Professionnel.
The technical covers the whole of the Procédé S of Fabrication, Maintenance, Gestion, Recyclage and, even of elimination of the Déchet S, which use methods resulting from scientific knowledge or simply from the methods dictated by the practice of certain trades. One can then speak about Art, in his direction first, and of science applied.
La technical is often underestimated, but it is one of the large components of artisanal know-how and Industrie L. It is the product of the whole of the history of the Humanité, each people and each time having brought its competences.
On names Technologie S the techniques whose whole creates a new and precise industrial field. Four technologies at least for example followed one another in Informatique:

  • First generation: vacuum tubes and programming by Wiring;

  • Second generation: printed circuits, Transistor S and the assembly language;
  • Third generation: integrated circuits and languages known as advanced;
  • Microprocessing: Microprocessor S and dialogs by graphical interfaces.

Confusion between technique and technology is current in the mediums of journalism. It is probably due to a bad comprehension of the term English technology .

Generally thought like neutral, the technique is not regarded as neutral and amorale by each and everyone, as it is the case of Jacques Ellul, for which the latter is autonomous and carries with it its own values, going even until creating a medium (life) and a “system technician”.

The four great characteristics of the system technician according to Jacques Ellul are autonomy, the unit, the universality, the totalization. “Technical autonomous, that wants to say that it depends finally only on itself, that it traces its own way, that it is a factor first…” (ibid, p. 137)

High technology and competitive Advantage

For the techniques based on recent scientific openings one usually speaks about high technology or New technologies. This field can or not bring a competitive Avantage to the companies and geographical areas (Pôle of competence) which knew there to acquire a lead: all depends on the performances ratio/bid price by the advance in question, as well as its triangle costs/times/quality. Examples of companies having taken false-departures to have had too in advance on the market (Viatron, Exidy, Archimedes, AIXtron…) seem quite as spectacular as those of companies having acquired during time a dominant position without being arrived for as much first chronologically on the market (IBM vis-a-vis UNIVAC, for example). To be the first gets advantages but also big risks.

Advantages

  • Absence of competition.

  • Recognition towards the pioneer.
  • Development of humanity (satisfactions of its fundamental needs).
  • Facilitates the life.

Disadvantages

  • the techniques are young people and badly known: " is needed; to wipe plâtres" , to make an effort of information of the potential customers.

  • the standards are not established, which can oblige then with expensive reconversions to put its production in conformity.
  • When the rules of evaluation of the Return on investment are not clear, that can handicap solutions which proved to be interesting in theory.
  • new technology can be at the origin of pollution.
  • Certaines technologies can be dangerous for humanity.

Examples

  • to be itself equipped with delay in phone lines, France could completely obtain quickly a temporal network (multiplexed) without being handicapped by the weight of too important space equipment existing.

  • the strong establishment of the Minitel in France during several years delayed the massive arrival of Internet in the French hearths.
  • the need for deadening the very expensive technique with revolving mirror for its laser printers made lose with IBM this market with the profit of Canon and Xerox which left later on an idea lasers diode fixed .
  • This same company had to give up under studies its Technologie FS which did not have that some later repercussions on certain products within the framework of existing technologies (laser printer, mass memories to automatic change, use generalized of the relational databases with the filesystem, etc).
  • the advance of England and France in the field of the supersonic civil transport with superb and effective the Harmony, appeared a financial disaster.
  • That of the Europe in the field of air transport (Airbus) or of the satellite launchers (ARIANE) on the other hand constituted of big hits, which goes can be called into question with the vexations of the A380, for the moment recognized like a curiosity.

Better technology available

The emergence of complex waitings of the Civil society, concerning the Sustainable development and the Responsibility sociétale for the companies, results in complex criteria on three pillars of performances: economic, social and environmental, for which it is necessary to add the Gouvernance.

These Exigence S of Sustainable development was transposed since a score years in the concept of Meilleure technology available.

The respect of these criteria makes it possible to ensure the Durabilité produced S and service S, which is likely to get a competitive Avantage Durable, provided that the rules of evaluation of the Return on investment are clear.

Conclusion

The technological advance cannot thus in no case to be regarded as the ball of money which saves with all the blows. It constitutes only a factor of appreciation among others. The important thing is less to follow a fashion (expensive considering the investments) to anticipate the least badly possible the present needs and to come. Currently emergent technologies, but which one does not know well, in 2004, the future are for example:

Automatic

Industrial data processing ~ Onboard computing ~ Automate ~ Grafcet ~ GEMMATED

Biology

Medicine ~ Biotechnology (green technologies) - Bioremédiation - Agronomy

Chemistry

Plant health Petrochemistry ~ Pharmacy ~

the combustible battery

Communication

Télécommunication ~ Téléphone ~ Internet ~ Radiodiffusion ~ Télévision ~ Radioamateur ~ Imprimerie ~ delivers ~ Journal ~ (see also NTIC)

Data-processing

data-processing Engineering ~ Industrial data processing ~ software Genius ~ Microprocessing Onboard computing ~ ~ Data-processing network ~ numerical Internet ~ Computer ~ Electronic ~ (see also NTIC)

Technical of posting

mechanical Posting ~ luminous Projection ~ Cathode tube ~ Posting plasma ~ Electroluminescent diode ~ Liquid crystals ~ electronic Ink

financial Engineering

stochastic Calculation ~ Capital Derived risk ~ Gone S ~ Securitization,

Materials

Metallic materials

Iron iron and alloys

Nonferrous metals and alloys

  • Copper and alloys

  • Aluminum and alloys (also called light alloys)
    • Alloys of aluminum for welding
    • Alloys of aluminum for foundry

Mineral materials

  • Glass

    • manufacture ~ floats
    • ~ treatments “knell coating”

Organic materials

  • Paper

    • History of the manufacture of paper
    • Characteristic mechanics of paper
    • Textile Paper machine
  • Plastic
  • Composite
  • Wood

Other concepts concerning materials

Mechanical industrial, electrotechnical

General information

Adjustment ~ Damping ~ Isostatisme ~ Rheology ~ Tribology, friction, wear, lubrication ~

Nucleonics

atomic Nuclear plant ~ Driving

Production, distribution and use of the vapor

Steam engine

Hydraulic power

pneumatic Energy ~ Turbine

Electrical engineering

Powerplant ~ Combustible battery ~ Power supply ~ Lighting ~ electric Electric household appliances ~ Electrical motor ~ Generating ~ electric Protection

Thermal engines

Internal combustion engine ~ external Combustion engine ~ Reaction engine

Technique of gases and the vacuum, refrigeration

Refrigerating ~ Technical of the vacuum

Technique of the fluids

Pumps

Obtaining the blanks

Stamping ~ Extrusion ~ Foundry ~ Forging mill ~ Sintering ~ Moulding ~ Welding ~ Heat treatment ~ Surface treatment ~ Spinning

Mechanical components, transmissions, handling,…

Completion of the machine elements by removal of matter

Machining ~ Turning ~ Milling ~ Threading

Mécatronique

(Bond: Mechanical & Electronic)

Sensor ~ Effector Actuator ~

Physical applied

Electronic ~ Electrotechnical Electricity ~ ~ Electrical production

Its

  • audio Supports (CD, mini-disc, cassette, vinyl, SACD, DAT, the radio, cylinders)

  • audio Standards (MP3, OGG, AAC, WMA, AIFF, WAV, HALF-VALUE LAYER, AIFF, MIDDAY, Hi-fi, DDD-ADD-AAD, stereophony-mono, FM…)
  • Connector industry Audio (cinch-RCA-line, XLR-gun, jack, DIN-midday…)

Transport

Automobile ~ Aeronautical Aviation ~ ~ rail-bound Transport ~ Escalator ~ Travelator ~ Logistic Elevator ~ clean Vehicle ~ ~ Merchant navy ~ Maritime transport

List of the articles on transport

Technique in philosophy

See also: Philosophy of the technique

The technique developed with humanity and fact part of it. It gives to the body prolongations by all kinds of instruments which give him a power Artificielle. The technique is an instrument of control which releases from the constraints of nature. It is in this direction an instrument of power. But this complexity escapes to us partly. We do not know for the majority among us the inner working of the instruments which we use in our daily newspaper (car, microwaves, computers). Questions of a moral nature emerge: Do we Somme dependant on the technique? Do we control our techniques? Technological advance is undeniable. But, there did it have a progress in other fields also? The problems involved in humanity remain (famine, disease, war). Science made progress but does not allow to answer the existential questions. What is there after death? We are always to try to know what is the technique and by prolongation, a question about our origins returns: what the man? And which has to be my behavior with respect to the other men? That shows us finally that the key question is that of moral progress .

See too

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