- This article treats araméenne translation of the Hebraic Bible. For other uses, to see Targoum (homonymy).
A targoum (plural: targoumim ) is a Traduction in Araméen of the Hebraic Bible ( Tanakh or Miqra ) written or compiled in Ground of Israel or Babylonia since the time of the Second Temple until the Top Moyen-âge (fine of the thousand-year-old Ier of the common era).
As translations, the targoumim largely reflect the rabbinical interpretation (i.e. ic Midrash) of the Tanakh. This is true so much for the relatively literal targoumim , as those which contain midrashic extensions.
The Araméen was the Lingua franca of the the Middle East during centuries, and thus that of the great Jewish communities which lived there, that it is in Ground of Israel or Babylonia. In order to facilitate the study of the Tanakh, and to make it understandable to the public, of the Traduction S making authority were necessary.
Both Targoumim " officiels"
Both targoumim most important for liturgical use are:- the Targoum Onkelos on the Torah (the Law)
- the Targoum Yonathan Ben Ouzziel on the Nevi' im (Prophets)
Public Besides its function in the synagog, the Talmud also mentions targum in the context off has personal study requirement: " With person should always review his portions off scripture along with the community, reading the scripture twice and the targum once" (Berakhot 8a-b). This too refers to Targum Onkelos one the public Torah reading and to Targum Jonathan one the Haftarot from Nevi' im.
Medieval biblical manuscripts off the Tiberian Mesorah sometimes contain the Hebrew text interpolated, pour-by-pours, with the official targumim . Public This scribal practice has its roots both in the reading off the Targum and in the private study requirement.
The two " official" targumim are considered eastern (Babylonian). Nevertheless, scholars believe they too originated in the Land off Israel because off has strong linguistic substratum off Aramaic western. Though thesis targumim were later " easternized, " the substratum belying to their origins still remains.
In post-talmudic times, when most Jewish communities had ceased speaking Aramaic, the public reading off Targum along with the Torah and Haftarah was abandoned in most communities. In Yemen, however, rather than abandoning the public Aramaic targum during the reading off the Torah, it was supplemented by has third version, namely the translation off the Torah into Arabic by Saadia Gaon (called the Tafsir ). Thus, in Yemen each pours was read three times.
The private study requirement to review the Targum was never entirely relaxed, even when Jewish communities had largely ceased speaking Aramaic, and the Targum never ceased to Be has major source for Jewish biblical exegesis. For authority, it serfs ace has major source in the Torah commentary off Rashi.
For thesis let us reasons, the Targum is still almost always printed alongside the text in Jewish editions off the Bible with commentaries. Nevertheless, later halakhic authorities argued that the requirement to privately review the targum might also Be puts by reading has translation in the current vernacular in place off the official Targum, gold else by studying important year commentary containing midrashic interpretation (especially that off Rashi). -->
Targoum Ketouvim
targumim were composed besides thesis two one Torah and Nevi' im alone, and that there is No official targum to Ketuvim (" The Writings"). Year official targum was in fact unnecessary for Ketuvim because its books played No fixed liturgical role. It is stated in the Talmud (Megilah 3a) that Jonathan Ben Uzziel wanted to composes has targum to the Ketuvim, however has beats kol (voice from heaven) cam forth and forbade it. The reason given is that the Ketuvim foretell the date off the Messiah' S coming, which was not permitted to Be revealed. Nevertheless, most books off Ketuvim cuts targumim , whose origin is mostly western (Land off Israel) rather than eastern (Babylonia). Goal for lack off has fixed place in the liturgy, they were poorly preserved and less well known. From the Land off Israel, the tradition off targum to Ketuvim made its way to Italy, and from there to medieval Ashkenaz and Sepharad. -->Other Targoumim on the Torah
targumim one the Torah, each off which was traditionally called Targum Yerushalmi (" Jerusalem Targum"). Important year one off thesis was mistakenly labeled " Targum Jonathan" in later printed versions (though all medieval authorities refer to it by its correct name). The error crept in because off year abbreviation: The printer interpreted ת " י to correct stand for תרגוםיונתן instead off the תרגוםירושלמי. Scholars refer to this targum ace Targum Pseudo-Jonathan. To attribute this targum to Jonathan Ben Uzziel also contradicts the talmudic tradition (Megillah 3a), which quite clearly attributes the targum to Nevi' im alone to him, while stating that there is No official targum to Ketuvim.In the same printed version, similar fragment targum is correctly labeled ace Targum Yerushalmi has. Important Another full Targum western one the Torah is Targum Neofiti . -->
Peshitta
The Peshitta is the traditional Bible of the Christians speaking the Syriaque, and would be, according to certain the source nearest to the original version of the New Testament. It was shown that its section Old Testament is based on the rabbinical targoumim.
External bonds
- Targoum of the Song of Songs
- To interpret, it is to create direction, by Marc-Alain Ouaknin.
- Targoums and Seventy by Francine Kaufmann
Targum Psuedo-Jonathan and Targum Onkelos At the Newsletter for Targumic and Cognate Studies - English translations by J.W. Etheridge
--> Category: Jewish literature Category: Tanakh
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