The Taihojutsu (逮捕術) is a synthesis of martial arts, creates especially for the needs for the Japanese police force. Taihojutsu is the method of intervention of the Japanese police force and Kidotai (anti-riot section, S.W.A.T.). Taihojutsu gathers in its synthesis the following disciplines: Karate C (Wado Ryu), Judo (Kodokan), Aikido - Aikijutsu (Yoshinkan), Nihon Kenpo (Kyokai), Nihon Jujutsu (Shinto Yoshin Ryu), Kendo - Kenjutsu (method of Japanese fencing), Jodo - Jojutsu (method of the stick of 4 feet), Juken Jutsu (method of the bayonet), Keibo Soho or Keibo Jutsu (method of the stick court of police force), the Boxing.

The Taihojutsu term

The name Taihojutsu is composed of two words and is composed of 3 Kanji (Japanese characters) meaning:

逮捕 " Taiho " : arrest, apprehension or capture;

術 " Jutsu " : art, technique or method;

Taihojutsu can thus result in " technique or method of arrestation".

History of Taihojutsu

Taihojutsu was developed in the medium of the Années 1940, by the Département of the Metropolitan Police force of Tokyo. It is with the joint collaboration of the Japanese Police force and several Large Masters of martial arts, that an attempt to determine a specific style which would be desirable for the police officers was elaborate. The administration of the police force of this time had been found in a new position, requiring on behalf of its officers to force, control and control a possible suspect, without having to wound it. It was a Net contrasts compared to the previous period of the middle of last century, where these considerations were not right to be. After the abolition of the feudal mode in Japan in 1868, the mode of the Samuraï S (feudal warriors) did not exist any more. Japan organized and created a new font since the caste of the Samurai was not there any more to provide the function of maintenance of law and order. The teaching of authentic Taihojutsu is not accessible to the civil population. The type of method used in this particular martial art, corresponds specifically to the needs and constraints of the agents of peace, the special sections, the police forces, of the security agents, of the prison warders and all other organizations related to maintains order and public safety.

The creation of Taihojutsu

1924 - The foundation of Taihojutsu

The first phase of the project came owing to the fact that the traditional Budo, with its varieties of techniques sometimes too drastic, sometimes too spiritual, did not meet the specific modern needs for the Japanese new font of the beginning of last century. The civil problems were single and the popular methods of combat the period of the era Meiji (1868-1912), are the Kendo and the Judo, had been shown very useful for the police force but more as a form of physical education that other things. The Department of the Police force was itself to create a system of combat body to specific body, which was to meet the particular needs for its time. For this purpose, the Department of Police force of Tokyo organized an official committee of study, composed high specialists graded in martial arts. It is in 1924 in Tokyo, that a committee of experts of Bujutsu was formed (martial arts). This committee was charged to codify a new method of simple and effective combat, meeting the specific needs of the Japanese police force. This commission was made up of Masters of Kenjutsu and Kendo (art of the saber), of Iaido (another form of the art of the saber) and of Goshin Jutsu (combat with naked hands). It posed the foundations of a method of combat modern. This committee was composed of Shuichi NAGAOKA (Kodokan Judo), Kinosuke SATO, Kyuzo MIFUNE (Kodokan Judo), Tadashi KAWAKAMI and Seizo NAKANO (Kodokan Judo) representing the Masters of Goshin Jutsu. The Masters of sabers were Goro SAIMURA (Kendo), Hyakudo NAKAYAMA (Shindo Munen Ryu), Yoshihitsu HIYAMA and Shitejiro HOTTA.

The committee was to develop a series of techniques of self-defense which would allow a police officer not armed, to face possible forms of disobediences civilians, like with all kinds of unforeseen. The management committee of the police force approved these techniques and incorporated them in its program of drive. The first phase of what was going to become the Taihojutsu future, used traditional martial disciplines, Bujutsu, modified by the bases of the modern Judo. Now, the postures, the seizures, displacements of body and dodgings were integrated in this new system. The techniques of projections were at the base of this system with the addition of techniques making it possible to face situations in sitted postures as well as capacity " négocier" with a nonco-operative defendant. The concern of the safety of the author of the crime was not yet paramount at that time.

1947 - The creation official of Taihojutsu

The second phase of the project was born only after the end of the second world war. The Japanese Police force was from now on to negotiate with a new environment, following the defeat of its country and with the occupation of its territory by the American armed forces. Restrictions were placed by the Americans at the end of the second war, on the practice of martial arts in Japan. Once again, the Department of Police force of Tokyo due to make a new effort to undertake and reformulate an efficient system. Its members had to establish a technical committee to revalue their traditional and modern techniques. These techniques were to be desirable and suitable in the new cultural and historical context of Japan according to war. All due re-examined being: of Jujutsu to Jutsu Karate while passing by Kendo, Judo as well as the Western Boxing which became a new reality, as well as the techniques traditional of Jojutsu and Kenjutsu. It is not that in 1947 qu ' the new formal system appeared: Taihojutsu.

It is on the initiative of the new commission directed by Goro SAIMURA, which sat at the first committee and represented Kendo, of Hironori " Hidenori" OTSUKA, founder of Wado Ryu Karatédo and Master of Shinto Yoshin Ryu Jujutsu, that this creation was made possible. To that, came to be added Shuichi NAGAOKA, Master of Judo in Kodokan, the techniques of weapons were integrated thanks to the presence of Takaji SHIMIZU, Master of Shindo Muso Ryu Bojutsu as well as other experts in handling of firearms such as Tsuneo HORIGUCHI, also expert in Western Boxing. The concern of realism was and is always omnipresent in this method. The police force was frequently confronted with agitators of all kinds, often practitioners of martial arts themselves. Therefore, this new method was to be very pragmatic. All the situations were envisaged in a constant worry of proportionality of the response vis-a-vis the aggression.

Taihojutsu evolutionary, is supplemented and perfect regularly. The new system reflects the influence of the values of the Occidental culture. The techniques are applied so as to cause a minimum of wounds to the civil delinquents and the criminals. Confrontation, the control and the control of individuals violent one are carried out in a sedentary way, as well for the police officers as for the prisoners. One avoids killing, of estropier and mutilating, except for the cases where the situation is of an extreme violence. In fact, when there is no more other choice for public safety. Henceforth, the skills fights body with body of them become of first importance for maintains law and order by the police forces.

Historical chronology of Taihojutsu

1924 - the Department of the Metropolitan Police force of Tokyo sets up a technical committee to so far revise the system of intervention used by the police force. This committee of expert is composed of:

• Goro SAIMURA, 10th daN Kendo,

• Hyakudo NAKAYAMA (1873-1958), Shindo Munen Ryu,
• Shitejiro HOTTA, (Kenjutsu)
• Yoshihtsu HIYAMA, (Kenjutsu)
• Kyuzo MIFUNE (1883-1965), 10th daN Kodokan Judo,
• Kinosuke SATO, (Goshin Jutsu)
• Seizo NAKANO, 10th daN Kodokan Judo,
• Shuchi NAGAOKA, 10th daN Kodokan Judo,
• Tadashi KAWAKAMI, (Goshin Jutsu).

1927 - Takaji SHIMIZU (1897-1978), 25ième Large Master of Shinto Muso Ryu Jojutsu, Large Main of Ikaku Ryu, appointed instructor of Jojutsu Judo in Kodokan in 1921 in company of Kenichi TAKAYAMA, make a demonstration of Jojutsu with seven members of the National committee of Police force.

1931 - Takaji SHIMIZU becomes instructor resident of Jojutsu at the Department of the Police force of Tokyo. It is at the base of the creation of Kidotai (anti-riot section), which will receive later the instruction of Gozo SHIODA of Yoshinkan Aikido.

1939 - Recording of Wado Ryu Karatédo in Nihon Butokyukai of Tokyo. One finds there then, a technical section entitled " Keisatsu Taihojutsu" (14 Techniques of arrest for the Police force). This section includes/understands:

• 2 Tehodoki (Techniques of releases)

• 3 Kansetsu Waza (articular Techniques of controls)
• 5 Stroke Waza (Techniques of projections)
• 4 Osae Waza (Techniques of fixed assets)

1946 - Introduction of Keibo of 18 inches to the drive.

1947 - the Department of Police force of Tokyo forms a new committee to revise the system of the police force. This committee of expert is composed of:

• Goro SAIMURA, 10th daN Kendo, member of the preceding committee,

• Shuchi NAGAOKA, 10th daN Kodokan Judo, member of the preceding committee,
• Takaji SHIMIZU, 25ième Large Main of Shinto Muso Ryu Jojutsu, Large Main of Ikaku Ryu,
• Hidenori HOTSUKA (1892-1982), Main founder of Wado Ryu Karatédo and Maître of Shinto Yoshin Ryu Jujutsu,
• Tsuneo HORIGUSHI, Instructor of firearms and Western boxing.

He results the publication from it from the handbook " Taihojutsu Kihon Kozo" who divides the system as follows:

• Toshu (Techniques with naked hands) and Keibo (Techniques of short stick)

• 14 Kihon Waza (Techniques of bases)
• 16 Oyo Waza (advanced Techniques)
• 6 Seijo (Techniques of menottages)
• Soken (Technique of excavation)
• Hikitate Oyobi (Technique of control upright)

1949 - Revision of Taihojutsu, Keijojutsu and Hojojutsu. Publication of the new handbook " Taihojutsu Kihon Kozo". Keibo of 2 feet is replaced by Keibo of 18 inches introduces with the drive.

1951 - Revision of Taihojutsu, Keijojutsu and Hojojutsu. Publication of the new handbook " Taihojutsu Kihon Kozo".

1953 - Rinosuke MORI teaches Nihon Kenpo with the Police academy of Tokyo. Introduction of Bogu (kind of armor of protection) to the drive to the combat.

1955 - Revision of Keijojutsu, Hojojutsu. Sensei KUDA exempts the courses of revision in Kodokan.

1956 - the bludgeon of the " U.S. Navy" replace Keibo of 2 feet to the drive.

1961 - Tokushu Keibo (telescopic stick) is introduced for one period of tests 5 years by Takaji SHIMIZU and its instructors:

• Ichitaro KURODA,

• Tsunemori KAMINODA,
• Kotero YONENO,
• Tsuneji HIROI.

1962 - Revision of Taihojutsu, Keijojutsu and Hojojutsu. Publication of the new handbook " Taihojutsu Kihon Kozo".

1965 - Tsunemori KAMINODA leaves its post of Instructor to the police force while Takaji SHIMIZU concentrates on the teaching of Jojutsu to the general public.

1966 - Tokushu Keibo (telescopic stick) is officially adopted.

1968 - Revision of Taihojutsu and Keibojutsu. Publication of the new handbook " Taihojutsu Kihon Kozo".

1978 - Revision of Taihojutsu. From this time to today, Taihojutsu evolutionary, is supplemented and perfect regularly.

Contents of Taihojutsu

Nowadays, a certain number of equipment is now used by the agents of the police force. Certain equipment have historical roots, connecting them to the traditional schools, whereas others come from modern innovations: Keibo (stick court of police force), Seijo (shackles), Soken (excavation), Hiki Touches Oyobi (techniques of fixed assets). An interesting addition brought to this method, comes from modern Budo. It is called Heijo Shin and results in: " To keep a calm frame of mind and normal". That is practiced by means of various exercises of breathing drawn from the meditation. Finally, various developments come from several Ryu ha and the use of others weapons, is not that the made adaptation of the handling of traditional in the past weapons. The combinations of techniques of control of wrists, of control of arm, of maintains and of immobilization, coming from Jujutsu, the Judo and the Aikido, make of Taihojutsu an ideal martial art for the needs for the Police force. Techniques more " dures" karate and of Nihon Kenpo were added in the event of a possible progression of the level violence, by always respecting the use of the scale of employs force necessary. The police officers who study Taihojutsu see increasing their degree of confidence in their abilities to control a situation. Additional clause the case where they must face a potentially violent situation, the police officers is calmer, which reduces the chances that the conflict degenerates and turns badly. This decreases the chances of the police officer to be prone to a rise of adrenalin, which would cause that this last surcompenserait its efforts for the situation, from which would result from the serious wounds. Police officers are also more conscious of their clean abilities and capacities, which reduces the useless risks of confrontations and even if there is confrontation, they are carried to control the defendant without him to cause wounds. The force of Taihojutsu does not lie in fact in " a style" , but in the incorporation of several styles of martial arts with their aspects " durs" and " doux". Taihojutsu, teaches with the police officers, to leave the actions of the apprehended subject, to dictate the suitable technique of control. As the Masters instructors said formerly: " Let the situation dictate your tactique".

Today, the police officers trained with the Metropolitan Police academy of Tokyo, all are graduated black belts, that is to say in Judo or Kendo, which covers the physical aspect conditioning of their formation. Moreover, they practice all Taihojutsu and the disciplines which are to him include: Aikijutsu, Nihon Kenpo, Jojutsu, Keibo Jutsu, etc the Japanese police officers do not make a single and final formation. They must maintain or improve their martial abilities throughout their career within the police force. That is done by the ticket of a daily drive and an annual evaluation and prevails not only for the units of the forces special but also for the regular police force.

Police officers with the drive of several diciplines. - " Department of Police force of the Prefecture of Hokkaido"

The influence of great men to the Police academy of Tokyo

Nihon Kenpo de Sensei Muneomi Sawayama and of Sensei Rinosuke Mori

Judoka and Karate expert achieved, it is in 1932 Muneomi Sawayama created its own school which it named " Dai Nihon Kenpo". It is also into 1932 that Muneomi Sawayama entered the army as officer. He continued to work out his method of combat. He based on the model protections of Kendo like their types of exercises for his drive. As from 1934, it directed exercises of combat with these protective gears, allowing real blows carried, articular projections and keys. It thus reinstated its training of Judoka in his practice.

Sensei Sawayama taught in Rinosuke Mori, which in 1953 taught Nihon Kenpo in the area of Tokyo to the Police academy, with the army and the university. Sensei Rinosuke Mori is the founder of the " Nihon Kenpo Kyokai" from Tokyo. Its pupils will found association " later; Nihon Kenpo Renmei" from Tokyo.

Today, to be able to ensure a sedentary practice the Academy, the police officers practitioner Taihojutsu use a " bogu" left armor, very similar to that used by the practitioners of Kendo, but comprising certain modifications. It is this type of armor which used Muneomi Sawayama and Rinosuke Mori in practice of Nihon Kenpo.

The system of ranks

There does not exist any system of ranks or belts used to the Metropolitan Police academy of Tokyo or any other police academy in Japan. Japanese Taihojutsu is completely free from this kind of practice. The practitioners can however obtain ranks in certain martial arts being at the base of Taihojutsu such as the Judo, the Aikido, Kendo, Jodo, etc But to in no case, a practitioner will not be able to see himself decreeing a diploma of black belt in Japanese Taihojutsu.

With the appearance of an adaptation of Japanese Taihojutsu in America, a clean system of rank only in American Taihojutsu, ended up being born. Of another country throughout the world, also their own method and their own system of rank constituted: England, France, Argentina, etc These new systems are all the result of a modification of the technical education of original Japanese Taihojutsu.

See too

Related articles

• Department of the Metropolitan Police force of military Tokyo
• History of Japan
• Judo
• Kendo

External bonds

• http://www.jujutsulaval.com/accueil.php?id=taihojutsu - " Dojo Shindokan Sogobudo, Canada (Quebec) "
• http://tai-ho.chez-alice.fr - " French school of Taihojutsu"
• http://www.keishicho.metro.tokyo.jp/kouhoushi/no6/welcome/3_11.htm - " Metropolitan department of the Police force of Tokyo "
• http://www.muroran-syo.police.pref.hokkaido.jp/kakuka/keimu/t_pq/t_pq.html - " Department of Police force of the Prefecture of Hokkaido "
• http://www.pref.aichi.jp/police/syokai/saiyou/gakko04.html - " Department of Police force of the Prefecture of Aichi "
• http://www.geocities.com/keijutsukan - " Web site of Tim Burton, Angleterre"
• http://www.taihojutsu.org.uk - " British Taihojutsu Association"
• http://ustjf.us - " United States Taihojutsu Federation"
• http://www.usjjf.org/programs/us_taiho_jutsu.htm - " United States Jujutsu Federation"

• http://www.judoinfo.com/renkoho.htm - " Judo Arresting Techniques by Sumiyuki KOTANI" (Web site Judo Information)
• http://www.aikidojournal.com/article?articleID=87 - " Interview with Minoru HIRAI" (Web site Aikido Newspaper)
• http://www.aikidojournal.com/article.php?articleID=393 - " Interview with Shigenobu OKUMURA" (Web site Aikido Newspaper)
• http://www.yoshinkan-aikido.org - " International Yoshinkai Federation" Aikido;
• http://www.ckka.homestead.com/TAIHOJITSU.html - " North American Taihojutsu Association"
• http://www.policetaihojutsu.com - " Taihojutsu Shudokan Ryu" organizes;
• http://kimartialarts.com/Taiho.htm - " Ki Martial Center" Arts;
• http://www.circulomilitar.org/web2/judo.htm - " Circulo Militar Republica Argentina"