The tahitien (or reo Tahiti ) is a Langue austronésienne spoken on the island about Tahiti and in the remainder about the archipelago about the islands about the Company. It belongs to the sub-group Eastern Polynesian whose original hearth of diffusion are the islands Samoa.
The tahitien is diffused Polynesian languages (or reo mā' ohi ), term which indicates the whole of the languages of French Polynésie. In addition to the tahitien, those understand the following languages and dialects:
- the Paumotu (or reko Pa' umotu ), the language of the Archipelago of Tuamotu which includes/understands seven dialectal alternatives;
- the Marquisien which is subdivided into two: the ' eo enana in the North-West of the islands Marchionesses and the ' eo enata in the south-east of the Marchionesses;
- languages of the Southern ( reo Grated , Rurutu , Tubuai , Rimatara , Raivavae );
- the Mangarévien (or reo mangareva ) with the islands Gambier.
The tahitien, just as its languages sisters, is a language of oral tradition, transcribed for the first time at the beginning of the XIX {{E}} century by the missionaries of London Missionary Society.
C-W communication (S) and pronunciation
Since the first transcriptions, the tahitien knew nearly ten different C-Ws communication (to read on this subject) Aujourd'hui still the subject particularly makes debate between the specialists in these questions with regard to the notation of the glottale and to a lesser extent vocalic lengthening. Two competitor written forms seem nevertheless to be most frequently used
- the written form adopted by the Academy tahitienne and voted by the territory begins again that used for the majority of the Polynesian Langues. The glottale is thus noted of a reversed apostrophe (“) although for practical reasons, this one will be noted most of the time as a simple apostrophe (”). The vowels lengthened as for them are surmounted by a Macron (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū). For example which means to gather, to bind the fruits out of packages 'āmui
- will be written the written form known as " Raapoto" name of its author (Duro Raapoto) note the glottale by surmounting the vowel which follows it of a grave accent (to, E, ì, ò, ù) and the vocalic lengthening of a macron. Nevertheless when the long vowel is combined with the glottale, this one is surmounted by a circumflex accent. âmui
Its alphabet is composed of 14 letters:
-
9 consonants
-
5 vowels
Syntax
In order to facilitate the comparisons, the sentences of example below are identical to those given in the article Maori of the islands CookPersonal deictics
As in the majority of the languages of Oceania, one finds in tahitien the distinction between the duel and plural like that between the inclusive one and the exclusive one (that one in general finds in the Austronesian Langues).
Singular
- With: I, me; `ua 'amu with I you i' has : I ate fish; E haere with I you farehapi' ira' has ānānahi : I will go to school tomorrow; E 'ārote with the inānahi, No you ua rā, 'ua fa' aea with the : I was going yesterday to plow (the field), but I had to give up because it rained.
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'oe: you, you; ua 'amu 'oe I you i' has : you ate fish; 'ua fa' a' ino 'oe tō mātou pereo' O : You broke our car; 'O 'oe ho' I, you ta' ATA your you ha' avā E 'imi nei : You are the man that the police force seeks.
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'ōna/'oia: it, him, it; 'ua amu 'ōna I you i' has : il/elle the fish ate; 'Do Eaha 'ōna I haere May have? : Why did it/it come (E)? ; 'aita 'ona I 'ō nei : il/elle is not
Duel
- Tāua : inclusive, us two (inclusive: you and me); 'ua amu tāua I you i' has : We (you and me) ate fish; haere tāua : Allons-y; O tō tāua hoa tē tae May ruffle : Our friends arrive
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Māua : us two, (exclusive: he/it and me); 'ua amu māua I you i' has : We (him/it and me) ate fish; E ho' I māua my Titaua I you fare : Titaua and me let us return on our premises; No māua will tera 'are : This house is ours
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'ōrua: you two; 'ua amu 'ōrua I you i' has : You two ate fish; Haere 'ōrua : Go ahead; Na 'ōrua teie puta : This book belongs to you to both
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Rāua : they, they (two); 'ua amu rāua I you i' has : They two ate fish; Nō 'ea May rāua? : Where were you both? ; 'O rāua 'O Pā tei noho I you fare : He (or it) and Pa remained on their premises
Plural
- Tātou : Us (inclusive: you - 2 or more - and me); O vai tā tātou E tīa' I nei : Who do we wait? ; E' ore tā tātou amura' has toe : We do not have any more food
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Mātou : us (exclusive: they, they and me); 'O mātou my Herenui I haere May have : We came with Herenui; ua 'ite May 'oe ia mātou : You saw us
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'outou: You all; 'has haere atu 'outou, E pe' E atu vau : Leave in front of, I am to you; O 'outou 'O vai mā I haere have I you tautai? : With which are you parties to fish?
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Rātou : They, they, them (more than two); 'ua pe' ape' has rātou 'O Teina : They quarreled with Teina; Nō rātou you pupu pūai : They have the strongest team
Aspectual markers
- Tē… nei: Indicate that the action is achieving itself; Tē mana' O nei with I you ho' I I you fare : I think that I will return to the house; Tē 'ATA nei rātou : They are laughing; Te tanu nei vau I you taro : I plant taro
- 'ia: Indicate a wish, a desire (see also low condition, assumption); 'ia vave May! E tāere tāua : Dispatch! we will be late; 'ia haere vitiviti, E pō teie : Come quickly, it soon will make night; 'ia tae May I you 'ohipa ā you po' ipo' I Monirē : Come to work Monday morning; Teie you pēpē' uru, 'ia 'amu 'oe : Here pudding of breadfruit tree, eat in.
- 'a: Expresses an order, a command, the duty, the obligation; 'has pi' O 'oe I raro! : Bend down! ; 'has ti' ad interim ōnei! : Rise from there! ; 'has haere 'ōna E ti' I ia Teina : It should leave and go to seek Teina; 'has fa' aea, E tēnā ta' ATA 'eiā : Stop robber there!
- 'eiaha/'iaha: mark prohibition; 'eiaha E hi' O : Do not look at! ; 'eiaha E parau : Do not speak! ; 'eiaha E haere, tē fa' apiha' has nei mined I you tī : Does not go there, Mina is preparing (to make heat) the; 'ua a' O 'ōna ia tātou 'eiaha E ha' ape' ape' has ia rātou : He warned us that we should not create problèmes" to them;
- E… ana: Express an action or a usual state; E noho ana 'ōna I Fare I tē will reira taime : At that time, he lived in Fare (Huahine); E haere ana 'oe I you 'ori? : Are you accustomed to going to dance? ; E tāere ana 'ōna : It is always late
- E: Express an action or an unaccomplished state; E hīmene Mother ānapo : Marie will sing this evening; 'ua kite vau E riri rātou : I know that they will be in colère"
- 'ua: Express an achieved action, a state present (perceived like different from a preceding state), or the surprise: 'ua 'ite May 'oe ia mātou : You saw us; 'ua maita' I 'oe? : Does that go better now? ; 'ua oti you tu' era' has popo : The football game is finished; 'ua riri with the : I am dissatisfied, in anger; 'ua nehenehe : how it is beautiful!
- I… (Na): Express a definitively finished action or a last state. I fānau 'aia I Tahiti nei : it was born here in Tahiti
- I… iho nei: Express an action finished but in an immediate past. " I tae May iho nei 'ōna : it has just arrived
- 'ahiri/'ahani: express a condition, an unreal assumption; 'ahani 'oe I fa' atōroa ia' U, ua noho May vau I Tahiti nei" : if you had given me a work, I would have remained here in Tahiti; " 'ahiri you pahī I ta' confused, 'ua pohe Pau roa ia tātou" : if the boat had capsized, we all would be died
- 'aita: express the negation. 'aita vau E ho' I May : I will not return; 'aita 'ōna I fānau I Huahine nei : It was not born here in Huahine.
Examples
Teaching
In France, the tahitien is taught:
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in metropolis, with the National institute of the languages and Eastern civilizations (INALCO);
- in French Polynesia, at the university of French Polynesia, the House of the PAPEETE Culture like in primary and secondary education.
Legal status
In one, (High-Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia, Mr. Fritch, n° 282335), the Council of State cancelled a provision of the rules of procedure of the assembly of French Polynesia authorizing the speakers to be expressed “in French language or language tahitienne or in one of the Polynesian languages”, estimating that this provision was contrary in article 57 of the organic law of February 27th, 2004, which lays out: “French is the official language of French Polynesia. Its use is binding to the moral persons of public law and to the people of private law in the exercise of a public service mission like to the users in their relationships to the administrations and public services. ”
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