This article is the translation of a section of one.

The group of the name

The groups of name (GN) are organized by definition around a substantive, which can be a noun, a pronoun or an expression substantivized such as a marked participle of the nominalisator - łi , deverbal ( masdar ), or a restrictive nominalized adjective (as in English: the older one the , oldest); this last carries the suffix - nor just behind the radical of the adjective. They all are bent with all the cases.

As tsez it is a language of the type “determining at the head”, all the modifiers precede the principal name and agree with him classifies some. The normal order (= neutral) of the modifiers is usually the following:

1. relative clause
2. possessive pronoun nonemphatic
3. possessive pronoun emphatic
4. adjectival restrictive
5. conclusive
6. numeral/nonrestrictive quantifier
7. adjectival

Notice that the order of the elements n° 4,5 and 6 can vary.

The modifiers can also include oblique groups of the name, which take then one of the two suffixes genitives according to the case of the principal name: - if for a principal name with absolutif, - zo if it is with an oblique case. Compare:

ħon-ƛʼo-if ʕadala (" the insane one on the colline" , absolutive)

and

ħon-ƛʼo-zo ʕadala-r (" au/vers the insane one on the colline" , dative/lative case)

The group of the verb

The groups of verb (Steam Generator) are word groups whose principal term is a verb or a Copule. The verbs can have different transitivities, which has a direct effect on the distribution of the cases for their nominal arguments.

Copulas

The copula S are used tsez some to connect the subject with a group of the name or predicative adjectives, and can in these cases being translated into French by the copula “being”. The subject as the predicative name with absolutif, and is thus not marked. If a contextual condition is described in the form of an adjective, the adjective requires an agreement of class IV. Compare the following examples:

and

NB: PSTWIT = last attested.

Intransitive verbs

The single argument of the intransitive verbs is with absolutif (not marked). The verb agrees with the name in class.

• Example: is b-exu-s (" the bull is mort").

The verbs monotransitifs

The verbs monotransitifs are verbs which take two arguments. Tsez being a ergative language , the subject, or more precisely the agent, requires the ergatif case, while the direct object (or the patient) requires the absolutif case. The direct object of a transitive verb is thus marked in the same way that the subject of an intransitive verb. There still, the verb agrees in class with the absolutif one (i.e. the direct object).

The two arguments (the agent like the patient) can be omitted if they are clearly implied starting from the context.

The verbs ditransitifs

The verbs ditransitifs are verbs which require three arguments: a subject (or agent), a direct object (or patient, sometimes also called topic ) and an indirect object (or member elect). In French, to give and to lend are verbs typically ditransitifs. In tsez, the agent is put at ergatif and the patient with the absolutif one. The case of the member elect depends on nature Sémantique of the transfer of possession or information: if it is about a permanent transfer (for example to give (in gift), the member elect puts himself at the dative/lative case (ending - (E) R ), if it is about a nonpermanent transfer (e.g. to lend ), or incomplete, the member elect puts itself at the one of the rental cases. Here two examples illustrating this distinction:

Permanent transfer:

Temporary transfer:

Emotional proposals

The emotional proposals have like predicate, either a verb of perception, or a verb " psychologique" , for example: " to be annoyed/ennuyer" , " to become known (to pass to knowledge) " , " trouver" , " oublier" , " détester" , " entendre" , " savoir" , " to like/apprécier" , " to regret (an absence) " , " voir" , etc the experiencor (who would be the subject in the corresponding French sentence) is usually with the dative, while the stimulus (the object in the French sentence) is put at the absolutif one.

Potential proposals

The potential proposals are the equivalent of the French proposals which utilize terms like " pouvoir" or " to be able de". In tsez, this is expressed by the verbal suffix - ł ; the subject of the proposal is put then at the possessive case ( - Q (O) ) instead of the ergatif one, while the object of the verb is with the absolutif one.

The causativisation

Causative constructions ( to make make qqch with qqn ) are formed by means of the causative suffix - R . This one increases by a unit the valence of any verb. If a ditransitif verb is formed from transitive, the argument, which is at the same time prone and object, puts itself at the possessive case ( - Q (O) ); to see the example below (the E in front of the causative suffix is a epenthetic vowel):

The word order

Tsez is a language where the principal element is placed at the end: in-outside postpositions, the modifiers such as the relative clauses, the adjectives, the genitives, the numeral ones, always precede the main clause. The normal order inside the proposals comprising more than one modifier is the following:

Agent/Expérienceur - Member elect - Patient - Locative - Instrument

The order can be modified to insist on a group of the particular name.

Although generally, the subjacent word order is of type SOV (prone - object - verb), the predicate tends to be in the middle of the sentence rather than at the end. This word order seems to spread in the daily speech. In a narrative context, order VSO is sometimes used also.

The interrogative sentence

One uses the interrogative suffix - ā ( - yā after a vowel) to mark binary questions (yes/not). It is placed on the term to which the question relates: Interrogative The suffix - ā ( - yā after vowels) is used to mark yes/no-questions. It is added to the Word focused by the question:

Negation

The negative particle ānu follows the component put at the negative one; if it is the whole sentence which must be put at the negative , verbal suffixes are used (see Morphologie of tsez, which also details the case of the requirement, prohibitory and optative).

Coordination

The coordination of the proposals (such as it can be realized in French by the conjunction " et") is not very current tsez some. The groups of the name are coordinated by the addition of the suffix - N (after vowel) or - No (after consonant) to tous the elements of the enumeration; thus " the hen and the coq" will be onuču- N mamalay- No . In the conditional sentences, the conjunction " alors" can be expressed by the word yołi :

Subordination

Relative clauses

Any argument or complement of a sentence can become the principal element of a relative clause, even the indirect objects and the adverbial ones. The predicate of such a proposal is always a participle, and relative construction precedes the principal substantive. The components can also be borrowed from enchased proposals. However, it is not possible to raise, in a possessive sentence, the owner with the principal position of a relative construction.

The examples which follow show how the various arguments (examples 2,3 and 4) and an adverbial complement (example 5) are relativized starting from the basic sentence of example 1:

Example 1 (standard):

Example 2 (relativisation of the agent):

Example 3 (relativisation of the patient):

Example 4 (relativisation of the member elect):

Example 5 (relativisation of the complement):

Adverbial proposals

There exist several kinds of adverbial proposals.

The temporal adverbial proposals are those which describe a chronological sequence of two actions, as in French Before it starts to rain, we had returned to the house. or We spoke while walking . In tsez, this relation is marked by verbal suffixes which transform one of the verbs into Coverbe. See the table of the suffixes of coverbes in the section not combined Formes of the article Morphologie of tsez.

The local adverbial proposals use rental coverbes, which are also formed by addition of a suffix to the verb. This suffix is - z-ā- , and the vowel preceding the last consonant by the verb itself is lengthened in ā . This coverbe constitutes the principal term of the local word group and can thus receive a rental suffix normally reserved for the names.

The causal adverbial proposals , which in French are usually expressed using because , like , since , etc take the suffix coverbal - xoy , - za-ƛʼ or - za-q .

There are other kinds of adverviales proposals: to see the section indicated of Morphologie of tsez.

Infinitive proposals

The modal verbs, the compound verbs, the verbs of displacement and the verbs “psychological” can all be accompanied by a verb with infinitive. The deverbal ones or masdars (formed with the suffix - (A) nor ) can be used in the place of an infinitive; they more strongly express the goal. These deverbal also appears with “psychological” verbs such as to be afraid of and is put then usually at the possessive case (ending - Q ).

Noun clauses

When a proposal is used in the place of a name, as in the father knew the boy wanted bread , one can attach the optional suffix of substantivation - łi to the predicate of the enchased proposal. The proposal concerns the nominal class IV then:

Brought back speech

When a verb of communication like to say , to require , to shout introduces a reported speech, the reported remark is followed clitic particle of quotation ƛin , which is suffixée with the verbs and remains isolated in all the other cases. It should be noticed that the point of view and the time of the original matter are preserved, so that the only difference between the direct speech and indirect is the presence of the particle ƛin . Example:

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