Synergy - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

Etymology and definition

The synergy (of the Greek synergos ; with , and work ; meaning to work together). It is Emile Littré, who with XIXe introduces it into his Dictionnaire of the French language (1872-1877) by presenting it like raising only of the field of the Physiologie; It is the “ Concours of action, effort, between various bodies, various muscles. Association of several bodies for the achievement of a function ”. In 1932, the Dictionary of the French Academy (8th edition) always preserves this direction to him (synergistic muscles), but the word is quickly used with XXe in Sociologie (synergies in the social relations), in Théologie (synergism, for the doctrines arminienne), in Chimie, Biologie, in Génétique (synergies between Gène S different), in Pharmacie (synergies between drugs) Toxicologie and ecotoxicology and in ecology. With best the comprehension of the catalytic systems and Catalyst S, one associates to him the concept of Potentialization. In the years 1960, economists also use it to describe economies of scale, and in the years 1990, it becomes a word sails about it in the business world.

It refers commonly nowadays to the phenomenon by which several factors or influences acting together create an effect greater than the sum of the expected effects if they had operated independently, or create an effect that each one of them would not have created separately.

More prosaically, the result of an action or an element is higher than the sum of the parts. This is summarized very simply by the Aphorisme one and one makes three .

The opposite of the synergy is the Antagonisme (or negative synergy), phenomenon in which two factors in combination have an effect less than the sum of their expected effects. The two effects can cancel (ex: those of an acid and a base) The absence of synergy is the asynergie. (medicine)

Synergy refers often also to the energy and the Efficience.

Examples by field

Physiology

The muscular synergy is a coordinated contraction several muscles intended to carry out a precise movement.

Sociology

The word Sociology, invented by Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, is popularized by Auguste Count in the Catéchisme positivist published in 1854.

The synergy indicates there for the first time the social interactions between individuals.

Ecology, Biology, Medicine human and veterinary

Various studies showed that animals (fish in particular) exposed to certain pollutants, even with thresholds much lower than those considered as likely to generate an effect, can be much more vulnerable to certain parasites and microbes (viral in particular), some of these pollutants seeming able, with very low dose to act synergiquement to decrease the immunity of the organization vis-a-vis certain pathogenic. This type of synergy is one of the explanations suggested with the regression and local disappearance the migrating ones such as the Anguille S or salmons. The pollutants with low dose can induce apparent stochastic effects which could be only deterministic effects still badly included/understood.

In the field of the care, the combined action several drugs produces additive actions, qualified synergistic . The amounts can be different from the amounts of these drugs taken individually. Planning also intervenes.

Economy

An example of known synergy is that which exists between Intel and Microsoft (“Wintel”): increasingly powerful microprocessors make it possible to offer to the user more convivial functions, but these new functions, as they are used more and more, will involve a demand in their turn for microprocessors even more powerful. In addition, the fall of the costs generates a greater request, which itself will also allow a new lowering of the costs (Virtuous circle).

Other examples in economy:

Targeting
strategic Options
Dilution (finance)

Theology

Since the controversy arminienne in 1610, there exist two branches of Churches of reformed confession, the calvinists and the arminiens.

The arminiens are followers of the theologist Dutch calvinist Jacobus Arminius. The latter subscribe to the synergism which teaches the aptitude natural of the man to contribute to his personal safety, by the decision which it takes to believe or not to believe, or by its behavior. They thus reject the doctrines calvinienne double predestination.

Structure and design

Richard Buckminster Fuller proposed to name synergy the conjugation of several functions ensuring the emergence of a distinct single function.

Synergic physics

Physical theory published in 1971 in a work entitled material and gravitational electromagnetic energy by Rene-Louis Valley. This theory, very elegant, makes the object of a sharp controversy (cf), rather dogmatic, in particular because it calls into question the theory of relativity, and the constancy speed of light. She postulates, in particular, that the vacuum is filled of electromagnetic waves and that the matter emerges locally from those when the value of the electromagnetic field exceeds a certain value there, which would clarify at the same time the gravitation and the nuclear forces starting from electromagnetism. For more information on the bases of this theory look with: , . To also note the official site (in construction) Inter alia, this theory predicts the possibility of " pomper" easily of energy in the surrounding medium (cf). Moreover, this theory would make it possible to explain the phenomena of " fusion froide" and of transmutation of elements during electrolyzes. Rene-Louis Vallée, who firmly opposed the nuclear choices of the French state, implied that his theory was wrongfully ignored by the authorities, in particular by what it makes it possible to hope for an energy " free and gratuite" , which would be contrary with certain very powerful interests. From where a lack of financing to explore these very interesting tracks of reflection and a continual lawsuit of credibility.

Evolutionary theory

Neo-Darwinism, or synthetic theory gave place to the synergistic theory of the evolution, worked out in the years 1960 by the geneticist Denis Buican, who admits a multipolar selection allowing to give an account of all the selective phenomena (of the viruses to the man).

Environmental ethics

Wenz (2001) presents the opposition of the anthropocentrism and the not-anthropocentrism. He proposes an average way which he names environmental synergism .

See too

Symbiosis
Commensalisme
Cybernetic Antibiose
systemic Analysis
Dialectical Self-regulation

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