Surface of conservation of Ngorongoro

See also: Ngorongoro

The surface of conservation of Ngorongoro , in English Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA), is an protected area located in the North of the Tanzania, in the south-east of the National park of Serengeti. The surface of conservation covers plates and Savane S as well as the totality of the Massif of Ngorongoro of which the Cratère of Ngorongoro which gave its name to the surface.

Geography

See also: Massive of Ngorongoro

The surface of conservation of Ngorongoro is located in the North of the Tanzania, with 180 kilometers in the west of Arusha, in the District of Ngorongoro of the area of Arusha. It is surrounded by the national parks of Manyara and Tarangire in south-east, the national parks of Arusha and the Kilimandjaro in the east, the site Ramsar of the Lac Natron in the North-East, the National park of Serengeti which constitutes its border in the North-West and the Lac Eyasi which constitutes its border in the south.

The majority of the surface is consisted of the Massif of Ngorongoro, chain of Montagne S, craters and plates of ic origin Volcan belonging to the Vallée of the great rift. These reliefs stop the Nuage S coming from the south and the east which pour their Précipitation S (of 500 with 1  700 millimetres per annum) which, associated with the tropical Temperature S (up to 35°C), allow the establishment of a Flore and of a tropical fauna. This mountainous area is framed in the south by the lake Eyasi, the North-East by the basin of the lake Natron and in north and the west by the Plaine of Serengeti.

Adding up 8  288  km of surface, the surface of conservation extends from approximately 960 meters with 3  648 meters of altitude (Mount Loolmalasin).

Among the various sites of the surface of conservation of Ngorongoro, most remarkable are the craters of the Ngorongoro and Empakaai, the volcano Ol Doinyo Lengaï, the banks of the Lac Eyasi and the archeological sites of the Gorges of Olduvai and Laitoli.

Flora

The diversity of the landscapes involving of the important climatic variations at the origin of the formation many ecosystem S are preserved. Below 1  300 meters of altitude, the grassy Savane is prevalent because of weak precipitations. Beyond, it leaves room to undergrowth then a dense Tropical forest made of Croton species , Acacia lahai , Acacia seyal , Albizzia will gummifera , Podocarpus latifolia , Hagenia abyssinica and Olea chrysophylla . Arundinaria alpina covers the slopes of the Mont Oldeani while genévriers of Africa is on the Mont Makarut.

The interior of the Cratère of Ngorongoro is occupied by a savanna strewn with Lac S and of more or less temporary Marais as well as two small forests of Acacia xanthophloea and Rauvolfia will caffra (forest of Lerai) and of Cassipourea malosana , Albizzia will gummifera and Acacia lahai (forest of Laiyanai). The end Is Plaine of Serengeti which is in the surface of conservation of Ngorongoro is made of a savanna strewn with Acacia tortilis and Commiphora africana . The edges of the Lac Eyasi are covered with Acacia will mellifera and Dalbergia melanoxylon which resists the more arid conditions well.

Fauna

Located in a zone densément populated by a fauna varied, the surface of conservation of Ngorongoro is a place of transit and of stay of many migrating animals , mainly of the Mammifère S. These animals move in the course of the years between the Cratère of Ngorongoro, the Plaine of Serengeti and the Kenya. In summer, 1,7 million Gnou S, 470  000 Gazelle S, 260  000 Zebra S and of the thousands of other mammals, Predatory S and Bird X, fleeing the arid conditions which settle and seeking pastures, leave the plain of Serengeti to meet in the surface of conservation of Ngorongoro and more particularly in the crater of the same name.

These mammals are especially represented by ongulés like the black Rhinocéros, the elephant, the Redunca fulvorufula , the Buffle, the Hippopotame, the Gnou, the Zèbre, the éland, the Gazelle of Grant and the Gazelle of Thomson but also by the predatory ones which follow them. Thus, the crater of Ngorongoro shelters many leopards, Chacal S, hyenas, African Chat gilded, Guépard S and the strongest concentration of Lion S of Africa while the lycaons makes increasingly rare.

The avifauna account more than 500 species of birds of which most common are the Autruche, the Pélican, the Pink flamingo and the dwarf Flamant but also of the less known species like Rapace S (bearded Gypaète, Aigle of Verreaux, Vautour percnoptère, pale Busard, Faucon crécerellette, Faucon taita, etc), Perroquet S (Inséparable from Fischer, etc), Passériformes (European Rouge-gorge, Souimanga with gilded wings, Souimanga of Kilimandjaro, etc) and of the water birds (Tantalum ibis, African spatula, elegant Avocet, Gull with gray head, etc).

The Papilio sjoestedti , a rare species of butterfly, meets in the crater of Ngorongoro in addition to the Kilimandjaro and the Mont Méru.

History

The surface of conservation of Ngorongoro, managed today by the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority , is the heiress of a series of measurement in favor of the protection of nature which begins in 1928 with prohibition from the Chasse in the zone. The following year, the hunting preserve of covering Serengeti 2  286  km is created and transformed into national park in 1951 by including the future surface of conservation of Ngorongoro. The latter is detached from the park in 1959 by ordinance 413 in order to allow the Pastoralisme Masaï hitherto prohibited in the zone according to the statute of the national parks.

Measures are then taken to reinforce the protection of the surface of conservation : prohibition of the cultures and the pastoralism in the Crater of Ngorongoro in 1975 by the Range Parks Law Act 14 , inscription on the Liste of the world heritage of UNESCO in 1979, international recognition of the reserve of biosphere of Serengeti-Ngorongoro in 1981 and finally launching of the development program and of protection of Ngorongoro ( Ngorongoro Conservation & Development Program ) in 1985.

Population

The surface of conservation of Ngorongoro is a zone very little urbanized and populated, the majority of the inhabitants being seminomad stockbreeders Masaï. The latter, which started to venture in the Cratère of Ngorongoro towards 1850, badly supported the protection measures installation at the 20th century which restrict spaces reserved for the Pâturage. The relations are then tended between the pastoral population and the administration of the surface of conservation. These tensions worsened with the increase in the population without counting the prohibition of the pastoralism in the craters of Ngorongoro and Empakaai like in the forest sectors .

The population passed from 8  700 in 1966 with an estimate of 40  000 Masaï in 1994, is the quarter of the population masaï of Tanzania, having 300  000 head of Bétail which occupies the three quarters of the surface of the surface of conservation. Another estimate carried out in 1996 enters 26  000 stockbreeders and 285  000 head of cattle. In spite of the Tourism which developed in the area, Masaï impoverishes and the domestic livestock decreases year by year.

Tourism

The surface of conservation of Ngorongoro constitutes one of the major sites of the Tourisme in Tanzania with several tens of thousands of visitors per annum who come mainly for the wildlife but also for the landscapes, the population and the sites archaeological.

Indeed, the site of the surface of conservation of Ngorongoro shelters several archeological sites including four principaux : the Throats of Olduvai, Laetoli, the Lake Ndutu and the Abri-sous-roche of Nasera which contain Os Fossile S of Australopithecus boisei (1,75 million year), of Homo habilis and many extinct animal species as well as prints of step of hominidé going back to 3,6 million years found in 1975.

The quarter of the visitors (35  130 in 1983, 140  000 in 1989 with 30  000 vehicles, 562  205 between 1998 and 2001 of which more of the third are Tanzanians) who cross the surface of conservation stops with the Cratère of Ngorongoro which has infrastructures touristiques : Hotel S (four at the edge of the crater and one in the Flat of Serengeti), landing strip, tracks suitable for motor vehicles for the cross-country vehicles, centers of interpretation etc All these installations combined with a high number visitors involves ecological degradations (watery Pollution , air, sound and visual, disturbance of fauna, destruction of the mediums, etc).

Appendices

Related article

• Protected area of Tanzania

External bond

Source

Reference

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