Suffering

The suffering , or the pain in this direction, is a basic emotional experiment, which comprises a character of unpleasant and aversion, and which is associated for the individual concerned with a damage or a threat of damage.

  • the suffering is known as physical or mental , according to whether it is attached mainly to a somatic or psychic process in an organization. The Pain (like feeling), the Nausea, respiratory distress, and itching are examples of physical suffering. The Anxiety, the Mourning, the Hatred, and the Ennui are examples of mental suffering.

  • the intensity of the suffering can present all the degrees, since the negligible pain-killer until the atrocious unbearable one. At the same time as the intensity, two other factors are often taken into account, the duration and the frequency of occurrence.

  • the attitude of people towards the suffering can vary enormously, according to measurement where, they estimate, it light or severe, avoidable or inevitable, useful or useless, is deserved or unmerited, chosen or not desired, acceptable or unacceptable, of minor or serious consequences.

  • the words pain and suffering can lend to confusion and require an special attention. (1) Sometimes they are synonymous and interchangeable. (2) Sometimes they are used in opposition one to the other, e.g. " the pain is physical, the suffering is mentale". (3) Sometimes, a word indicates a variety of what the other word indicates, e.g. " the pain is the suffering physique" , or " the suffering is the physical or mental pain sévère". (4) Sometimes still, people use in another way these two words.

  • All the gifted beings of sensitivity suffer during their life, in various ways, and often dramatically. No field of the human activity deals with the subject of the suffering as a whole, but several are interested in its nature or its processes, its origins or its causes, its significance or its importance, personal or social or cultural behaviors which are connected there, with its remedies, its management, its uses.

Ethical and philosophical prospects

The Hedonism, as an ethical theory, affirms that the good and the bad resident ultimately in the pleasure and the pain. The epicureans, as for them, stress the prevention of the suffering more than on the continuation of the pleasure, because they find that greatest happiness consists of a state of peace (Ataraxie), free of pain and with the shelter of the troubles which the continuation or the consequences of the pleasure involves. For the Stoicism, the largest good resides in the reason and the virtue, but such an ideal is reached for the heart through a kind of indifference to the pleasure and the suffering ( apathy ): this is why these doctrines became synonymous with self-control owe even the worst pains.

Jeremy Bentham put before the Utilitarisme hedonist, doctrines which became popular in ethics, policy and economy. Bentham claimed that the action or the most moral policy is that which has as a consequence " the greatest happiness for largest nombre". He proposed a method called the “felicific calculus”, or calculation hedonic, to determine how much pleasure or of pain would result from any action. John Stuart Mill improved and contributed to spread utilitarianism hedonist. Karl Popper, in The Open Society and Its Enemy , has proposed utilitarianism negative, which gives priority to reduction of suffering on increase in happiness when it is about utility, by asserting that there is no moral symmetry between the suffering and happiness, one calling urgently for the aid while the other does not require with such an urgency that one improve happiness of a person who goes well in any event. Several utilitarian, since Bentham, affirms that the moral statute of a being is due to its capacity to feel the pleasure and the suffering: the moral agents should thus hold account not only interests of the human beings but also of those of the animals. Peter Singer, with her book the animal Release and other writings, represents the avant-garde of this kind of utilitarianism.

Another doctrines connected to the relief of the suffering are the Humanitarisme (see also humanitarian Aid).

The Pessimism, as professed it Arthur Schopenhauer, regards this world as the worst possible one, as filled with sufferings which always worsen and which no one cannot stop. Schopenhauer recommends to find refuge in things like art, philosophy, the loss of the will to live, and the tolerance towards his/her companions of suffering. Friedrich Nietzsche, initially influence by Schopenhauer, developed thereafter very an other attitude, exciting the will for power, scorning the weakness of the compassion or pity, and recommending to voluntarily embrace " the eternal retour" greater sufferings.

Religious prospects

The suffering plays a big role in the majority of the religions, relative with things like the consolation or the comfort, moral control (does not make of evil to anybody, assistance afflicted), spiritual progress (Pénitence, Ascétisme), and the ultimate destiny (Salut, Damnation, Enfer).

  • the apostolic letter " Salvifici Doloris" written by Jean-Paul II speaks about a suffering which saves the man by bringing it closer to the passion of the Christ. This is to be brought closer so that Simone Weil said: " L" extreme size of Christianity comes from what he does not seek a supernatural remedy against the suffering, but a supernatural use of the suffering ".

  • the Buddhism sign that the human suffering (Dukkha) comes from our tendencies, of our practice to hang to us to the memories our experiments, to imagine things which are not yet, and of our incapacity to perceive reality correctly, in the moment. It evokes the suffering like having for root a fundamental dissatisfaction.

  • the ic answer Islam to the suffering is a total tender and a deep confidence as a God.

  • Certains contemporaries thinks that the suffering can and must be completely abolished by the means of technology, of seeing Ingénierie of the paradise ( paradise-engineering ).

  • In medicine, the palliative Soins are especially used to reduce the last sufferings of a patient. The Morphine is frequently employed to decrease these sufferings. It is advisable to determine how the pain is perceived and lived.

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