Strasbourg - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

Etymology

The first name of the city was in Celte Argentorate , romanized in Argentoratum . The etymology of this term is discussed, certain seeing there a bond with the Celtic money goddess ( Argent- , epithet related to Argentia), identified with the moon. The most current meaning would like that the root Argento ( money, shining ) indicates a river (cf the Argens, the Arques, the Arc…), in fact, the Ill ( Ainos in Gallic). This assumption is reinforced by the old name of Horbourg ( Argentovaria ), commune also located on Ill.

Spleen indicating an enclosure, a fortification, this assumption thus affirms that Argentoratum is the enclosure on Silver plated, in extenso the city of the river, of the river. This name was then in perfect coherence with the perception of this border place, located near the Rhine, integral part of the network of camps defending the northern Limes of the Roman Empire.

Then, following its integration in the Germanic entity, this city was not frontier any more, but in the middle of the network of the German cities. Its perception was not consequently any more on one axis river and directed North-South, but road and towards a East-West axis. Strasbourg was indeed at the level of one of the rare bridges making it possible to cross the Rhine and of this fact placed on a East-West major road. Its name evolved/moved then in Straßburg , the borough on the road ( die Straße ), the road, rising from Stratiburg , evoked for the first time at the 6th century by Saint Gregoire.

Geography

Situation

Offset compared to the remainder of France, whose plain of Alsace represents the extreme north-eastern frontage, Strasbourg occupies on the other hand a central position in Western Europe, on an important way of North-South passage. It should indeed be replaced in the vaster entity of which it forms integral part: the valley of the the Rhine higher which, Basle to Mainz, form a natural corridor. In extreme cases of Atlantic Europe and continental Europe, it communicates to the south by the valleys of the the Saone and of the the Rhone with the Mediterranean Europe and opens in north, beyond the solid masses German Hercynien S, on the large plains of the Northern Europe. As the crow flies, Strasbourg is thus at equal distance (approximately 750 kilometers) of the the Mediterranean, the Baltique and the Atlantic littoral , and to equal distance (approximately 500 kilometers) from the the North Sea and the Adriatique.

Nevertheless, for lack of sufficient infrastructures, Strasbourg is not a major crossroads of exchanges in current Europe. For this reason, it should be stressed that the East-West axis which connects in particular Frankfurt to Paris circumvents the North-East of France by Cologne, Brussels and Lille.

The new infrastructures (TGV Is, Pont Pierre Pflimlin) and the projects in progress (Great Western Skirting, train German ICE, TGV the Rhine-Rhone) will improve considerably the accessibility of the city as well in the North-South axis as in the East-West axis.

Geomorphology and hydrography

Located at an average altitude of 140 meters above the sea level, Strasbourg is characterized by a relatively flat relief. Thus with the downtown area, one perceives only very light undulations of the ground, culminating in particular near the cathedral and with crossed Main street and street of the Ditch-of-Tanners, corresponding to the oldest centres of population, established in the beginning on a hillock emerging of the surrounding marshes.

Is communal territory, along the the Rhine, is partly made up of several islands (island with the Ears, of Rohrschollen…), cut out by arms (channeled) of the Rhine, channels of the port authority and the meeting with the Ill.

The important density of the Hydrographie cumulated with the outcrop of the Ground water contributes to make the sector very sensitive to the Inondation S. This is why the majority of the urban extensions of the city then of the agglomeration was done by means of important fill (in particular for the construction of the German district), accompanied by the filling or the drain of the multiple water arms, reducing as much surfaces of spreading and increasing the speed and the flow of water in the event of rising.

The city is thus confronted today at the risk of flood important, heavy of as much on the projects of urban extension.

Green areas

The North-East and the south-east of the commune are covered with vast forests: the forest of the Robertsau (493 hectares) and the forest of the Neuhof (797 hectares). They are the vestiges of the old luxuriant Rhenish forest which occupied all the major bed of the the Rhine, tumultuous and wild river until the 19th century. This forest had remarkable an in cash vitality and a richness, sheltering a very diversified avifauna. If the damming up and successive installations of the river strongly reduced it, it preserves its character of Wetland, shelters the natural reserve of Rohrschollen, and remains a ground of election for LPO. Moreover, the program “the Alive Rhine” within the framework of Natural project LIFE conservation and restoration of the natural habitats of the Rhenish band was launched with the objective to restore the Rhenish ecosystems.

In addition, the city counts 324 hectares of parks and gardens whose principal ones are:

the Park of the Orangery. Located vis-a-vis the Palate of Europe, it comprises attractions such as a zoo and a breeding of storks and is decorated of a lake with a romantic cascade as of a house built in 1804 in the honor of the empress Joséphine. It covers a surface of 26 hectares.
the botanical garden, initially created in 1619 then transformed into cemetery in 1870 after the seat of the city by the Germans. The current garden was inaugurated in 1884 for the students of the medical college and pharmacy. It gathers 6000 species distributed out of 3,5 hectares.
the Park of the Citadel, on the site of the citadel built in 1681 by Vauban under the order of Louis XIV in the south-east of the city, it extends on 12,5 hectares.
the park of the Castle of Pourtalès in Robertsau. Located at the accesses of the forest, it covers a surface of 24 hectares and proposes a gallery of contemporary sculptures.
the Park of Contades created at the 18th century like a raised walk external to the city by the marshal of Contades, it covers 7,9 hectares.
the Garden of the two banks, transborder park arranged on both sides the Rhine on a surface of 55 hectares with a footbridge in its center. It is the largest park of the city.

Climate

See the article Climate of the Low-Rhine.

The climate which reigns in Strasbourg east of the semi-continental type sheltered with important variations of amplitude for the temperatures. Thus, the winters are vigorous with rather frequent snow-covered precipitations. The summers are hot and choking. Located between two mountainous solid masses (the the Vosges and the Black Forest) the city is exposed little to the winds. In the same way, precipitations relatively not very abundant and irregular are compared with the other French areas thanks to the natural protection which these solid masses constitute. The city is often prone to violent one storms at the beginning and the end of the summer.

The absence of wind, the high temperatures in summer as well as the geographical location logically support the appearance of peaks of pollution.

Records of the monthly temperatures in Strasbourg

Heraldic

The weapons of Strasbourg are the result of an inversion of the colors of the blazon of the bishop of Strasbourg (band of mouth on money) at the conclusion of the revolt of the middle-class men of the city to the Moyen-âge who took their independence vis-a-vis the supervision of the bishop. This one preserved nevertheless its capacity on the surrounding countryside. The same phenomenon was observed with Basle, thus explaining the current inversion of the colors of the blazons of the cantons of Basle-City and Basle-Countryside.

However blasonnement is apparently prone to discussion. In addition to graphic interpretation opposite, one meets at least two blasonnements different:

Of money to the band of mouths (the variegated field). (Large encyclopedic Larousse in 10 volumes)

Of azure, in a Notre-Dame of complexion sitting on a gold throne and under an of the same house, holding with the dextral hand a sceptre of gold, and on the sinistral arm the Jesus child: near the Virgin is a money escutcheon, charged with a band of mouths. (Malta-Brown, illustrated France , 1884)

History

Antiquity: origins of the city

The site of Strasbourg was already occupied during the Bronze Age, by a small village of fishermen. Then the site became a Celtic village of the name of Argentorate . Equipped with a sanctuary and a market, the village is then of size very modest.

The plain of Alsace belonged later, with the Germanic tribe of the Triboques, come from Right Bank of the Rhine, with Arioviste king of the Suèves, at the request of the Séquanes in order to beat the Eduens of Burgundy, as of years 71 to 58 before J. - C.; that clearly results from the text of Jules César the War of Gaules . Besides Ariovist and his people occupied part of the territory of their allies Séquanes.

In -12, the Roman general Drusus, brother of Tibère, founds a new city and romanize its name in Argentoratum . It was then a strengthened military camp positioned on the Limes (border of the Roman Empire) of the Rhine belonging to the castella Drusi , the forts of Drusus. A canabae (agglomeration of civil dwellings) developed around the camp and towards the west, is a prelude to with the sustainable development of the city.

After the tender of the Germanic tribes with Rome, the files is pushed back in the east, Argentoratum then becomes the base camp of the Romans until the end of the 3rd century. In 352, the city is destroyed by the Alamans and the Francs; Julien the Apostate reconquered the city in 357, short respite before a new expansionist push of the German ones. In 406, Huns, Burgondes, Vandals and Suèves invade Gaulle. The city is destroyed in 451 by Attila and this dark period of the Roman decline makes that one knows nothing the town of this time.

The Middle Ages: a flourishing and radiant German city

The city is restored under the name of Strateburgum in 496 by the Francs which support the urban development, after the conversion of Clovis to the Christianisme. Indeed, Argentoratum is one of the rare cities of the area to be the seat of a bishop, true governor of the time. The 8th century and 9th century were prosperous, the city saw its population doubling, a news cathedral was built and the trade developed, always under the supervision of the bishop which had the full powerss. New parishes were created.

In 842, the city accommodated Charles the Bald person and Louis Germanic the which was combined against their brother Lothaire for the division of the Empire bequeathed by their grandfather Charlemagne and pronounced the Serments of Strasbourg, older text written in Romance language (ancestor of the French, inter alia) and in tudesque language (ancestor of the German ). At the conclusion of this conflict in 843, the Traité of Verdun allotted Strasbourg to Lothaire but to its death, the city returned to the Germanie. In 962, Otton Large the founded the Saint Empire Romain Germanique and rested on the Église by granting temporal powers to him extremely. Strasbourg then obtained the right of justice and that to beat currency.

The city continued to thrive and to extend. A new enclosure was built at the 12th century and it was increased one century later. By 1202 with 1220, the city grows rich by districts around the churches Saint-Pierre-the-Young person and Saint-Pierre-the-Old man. Many towers of fortification were built at that time, and disappeared from the urban landscape only at the 19th century.

Starting from 1228, the market-gardening districts made in their turn integral part of the city. The Finkwiller , the quay of the Boatmen, the street of the Butchers or the Gold street testify to the many corporations present at the time and essential to the daily life of the Of Strasbourg one. These axes were surrounded by walls at the same time. The defensive system of the Covered Ponts was also at this time elaborate. The four current towers belonged to the ramparts and were connected by covered bridges of a roof out of wooden, disappeared at the 18th century. They sheltered the bodies of guard but were also used as prison. Another vestige: the door of the Hospital. This enlarging was finished only in 1344.

The middle-class men, isolated of the capacity, wished to imply themselves in the political life and obtained in 1214 the right to create a council before seizing the power in 1262 at the end of the Bataille of Hausbergen. Follows one turbid period during which the power struggles caused conflict many. The culminating point of these conflicts was the fight of two rival families, Zorn and Mullenheim, true civil war causing in 1332 a revolt of the Of Strasbourg one. The capacity returned then to the commercial class. After this long period of disorders, a new political organization was created at the 15th century: the council of the city was pressed on the councils of the XIII, of the XV, and of the XXI, a Ammeister (mayor) is named by the council while four Stettmeister named by the noble ones supplemented the administration. The city counted then more than 16.000 inhabitants, struck currency and obtained the free statute of city of Empire, which made a true principality of it.

Towards 1370 - 1390, at the end of the War One hundred Year old, the population feared the invasion of the bands of plunderers which traversed the area. Thus the municipality decided to protect the Western and Northern parts of the city.

The last extension of the medieval city goes back to 1387 - 1441. It related to the district of the Krutenau, inhabited by many fishermen and market-gardeners. The city known step of another enlarging before the 19th century. The Moyen-âge is the golden age of Strasbourg. Its increasing richness was due to the activity of the middle-class, but especially to its Topographie. Thanks to its many waterways and road, this city, surrounded by water, was a center of particularly active trade.

Thus, at dawn of the Middle Ages, the Vin of Alsace was known in Germany, with the Netherlands and until in England and Scandinavia. Strasbourg also exported Textile S and Céréale S, but imported on the other hand many luxury items such as the Verre, the skins, the Fourrure S, the Soie laugh and the spice S. the Ancienne Customs is one of the rare witnesses of this flourishing river trade. Located on the edges of the Ill, with the site of the old wearing of Strasbourg, this building was built in 1358 to store and take taxation of the goods forwarding by Strasbourg.

The most significant symbol of this opulence is the Cathédrale. Four centuries were necessary to the construction of this building, set up with the glory of Notre-Dame. Work started in 1015 on the foundations of old a Romance Basilique . Its arrow was completed only in 1439. This long construction makes of this chief of work a synthesis of the artistic currents of the Moyen-âge. All the city was a true building site of churches, founded by Moine S or noble families. Among oldest, Saint-Pierre-the-Old man, Saint-Pierre-the-Young person, Saint-Thomas. Beside the churches, many Couvent S was born: a score on the whole. Of this unit remains the Cloître of the church Holy-Madeleine and that of Saint-Pierre-the-Young person.

These many monuments show that, during all the Moyen-âge, art was primarily with the service of the Foi. It is the building site of the cathedral which drained all the artists of reputation. A great majority of them were anonymous. The 15th century should be waited so that the art of the Peinture develops. A whole Alsatian school , specialized in the Retable S, opens out at this period.

As for the intellectual life, it was marked at the 15th century by the revolution of the Imprimerie. Indeed, Johannes Gensfleisch, known as Johannes Gutenberg benefitted from the ten years that it passed to Strasbourg to conceive printing works in mobile matters there. Strasbourg was not long in becoming one of the great centers of printing works. It counted about fifty dispensaries of printers at the end of the Moyen-âge. This invention supports the humanistic current which makes day in Strasbourg. Jakob Wimpheling, Geiler von Kaysersberg or Sebastien Brant is great names of Humanism of Strasbourg. However, none adheres to the Réforme, but by their critical spirit and their denunciation of the abuses the Église, they prepared the advent of the Protestant Réforme.

Rebirth: Strasbourg, in the middle of the German humanistic currents

The Renaissance was for the turbid city one period. The Humanism and the Réforme are the striking facts of the time. Strasbourg is one of the first cities which called with the change. As of 1518, the theses of Luther were posted with the doors of the cathedral. The writings Lutherans were propagated thanks to the printers. The city adopted the Réforme in 1524 and allotted the churches to the Protesting S. Strasbourg accommodated the religious dissidents and propagated their ideas thanks to the Imprimerie. The city was then with its apogee. Parallel to the movement of the Reform, the revolt of the peasants was spread. They were 50 000 in 1525, exceeded by the abuses the noble and the Clergy. They traversed the countryside putting at fire and blood castles and abbeys which were on their passage. Strasbourg refused to intervene, helping them nor the combatant.

But the decline arrived with the wars. The emperor Charles Quint, Catholic, carried out the war against the princes Protesting S and their allies (Strasbourg). The Protestant league was overcome and the city restored the cathedral Notre-Dame and two churches with the Catholique S. the city knew also financial problems. In 1592 finally, finances of the city were completely exhausted by long and ridiculous the war of the bishops. It originated in the election of a new bishop, for whom Catholique S and Protesting S did not manage to agree. The war made rage during close to 20 years, sowing desolation in the neighborhoods. The introduction of the Réforme put an end to the artistic production that it deprived of its usual patron: the Catholic church. Forty Autel S disappeared from the Cathédrale. Art was thus diverted Religion to devote itself to the monuments Profane S. In Architecture, the transformations were done slowly. The style Renaissance was introduced only into the years 1550 - 1580. At the 17th century, the Classicisme with the Italy did not make place with a decorative architecture and mannerist, in particular in the achievements out of wood whose hotel of the Corbel is an good example.

The simplified style of the Moyen-âge succeeded the carved decoration. The Maison Kammerzell illustrates perfectly this taste for the sculpture in abundance. Located place of the Cathedral, this building owes its name with the grocer Jean-François Kammerzell who acquired it during the 19th century. Its frontages comprise many wood sculptures distributed on three stages around seventy-five windows. An iconography varied there is represented. Just like the House of the Tanners, the Maison Kammerzell points out the prevalence of the Colombage which appeared at that time. However, even if wood architecture were dominating, the rough-cast brick was a material very employed in the public and deprived construction industries. The Chamber of commerce is a sample. Built in 1585, this stone building of size was used initially as town hall. Its architecture is original. The frontage comprises three Greek orders, but the roof which surmounts it is sloping with many attic windows, feature typical of the buildings of Strasbourg. The Chamber of commerce belongs to the many public orders made by the magistrate of the City.

In 1538 is created the Protesting Gymnasium (today Gymnase Jean Sturm), which quickly became a European reference as regards humanistic pedagogy. The Gymnase Jean Sturm was the embryo of the Protestant Academy which was going to become, in 1621, the Université of Strasbourg.

Old Mode: a new fatherland

The Guerre Thirty Year old burst in 1618, war of religion European opposing the Protesting S and the Catholique S. the Alsace was devastated, but Strasbourg remained neutral in this conflict. At the conclusion of the war in 1648, by the Treated of Westphalia, the Alsace was occupied by the France, but Strasbourg remained imperial free city. The city was insulated, weakened, overcome Germanic Empire did not have anything to await, and when it was besieged by the troops of Louis XIV, the September 30th 1681, Strasbourg signed the capitulation, treated by which it recognized the Suzeraineté France. The king then made symbolically cut down a side of the fortification of the city. This created an opening by which it been able to penetrate in Strasbourg, thus marking the tender of the city to the royal capacity. An agreement had made between Louis XIV and the Ammestre: ten articles aiming at preserving essential freedoms of the city, on the policy plans, administrative and religious. On the other hand, it was private of its artillery and its militia and had to accept the installation of a troop of garrison. Escaping from this fact from municipal sovereignty, the many ones and new inhabitants were established in Strasbourg, attracted by the brilliant life of company which developed to with it. All built their hotel. One of these noble, the cardinal Armand Gaston de Rohan-Soubise, wire naturalness of Louis XIV, made build a new episcopal palate, called later palate of Rohan, on banks of the Ill, vis-a-vis the houses of the middle-class. Strasbourg preserved nevertheless the majority of its advantages. The city became highly strategic for the France, genuine bastion on the the Rhine and accommodated an important garrison then. Elected by Louis XV, Jacques François Blondel drew a plan of embellishment of Strasbourg, plan which, for lack of means, was only partially carried out. Strasbourg owes him in particular the construction of the Aubette on the Place Kléber and the installation of the place of the Market-Gayot.

But in fact especially the fortifications of Vauban marked this period, with in particular the construction of a clever protection upstream of the Ill, opposite the Covered Bridges, and that of an imposing citadel in south-east, placed vis-a-vis the Germany. Vauban, on its side, undertook the construction of a vast citadel in the star shape, halfway between the the Rhine and the city, intended to supervise the latter. The Vauban stopping is another of its achievements. Built to strengthen the system of the Covered Bridges, it made it possible to flood the south of the city in the event of attack.

Little by little the urban landscape changed. All these new residences constitute today more half of the architectural heritage of the old city. They were inspired at the time of the hotels Paris iens between court and garden. Was carried out a synthesis of the new Parisian tendencies and characteristics local. This annexation marked for Strasbourg the beginning of a new prosperity. The city became the regional capital, the middle-class grows rich and builds beautiful residences.

The time of the private mansions is also that of the literary living rooms. The high society of Strasbourg was put at the French hour. A crowd of noble young people come from Germany, of England, Sweden or Suisse invaded the benches of the University, such as Goethe. Decorative arts developed, such as the Faïence laughs Hannong. The Orfèvrerie of Strasbourg knew an increased renewal. The Ferronnerie was also very prosperous, thanks to the construction of the private mansions. But to the opulence of the ones the misery of the others is opposed. A fifth of the population had recourse to the begging. The city over-populated, was engoncée in its medieval walls. Strasbourg however experienced at the 18th century the development of new economic activities. Brewery S and workshops of Tabac opened in great number. But trade of the city périclita because of the strong taxes and the insecurity on the roads. The river traffic also dies out.

From 1789 to 1870: a new golden age

In 1789, when the French revolution burst, the city counted between 55.000 and 60.000 inhabitants. The Town hall was taken by storm and was put at bag on July 20th, 1789. The authority of the Ammestre was shaken and he resigned. The privileges were abolished. The French revolution was rather well accommodated by the population and the new institutions were quickly adopted. The city knew nevertheless the consequence of this time disturbed, in particular during the Terreur which prevails during two years. At that time dubious, the defensive system was important. The military presence in the city was large after the Capitulation. Strong garrison and high command settled. The Bus shelter, built 1765 with 1778 on the place of weapons, the Place Kléber, sheltered the bodies of guard.

In 1792, the captain Claude Joseph Rouget of Lisle composed in the street of the Titmouse a song for the Armée with the Rhine, which became the Marseillaise who was publicly interpreted a few days after her composition on the Place Broglie. Strasbourg left strongly weakened this period disorders. Under the Empire, Strasbourg experienced a new development. After the French revolution, prosperity was large. The continual passage of the troops produced an astonishing activity. The taste of the luxury began again and extended to the middle-class. The Préfet Lezay-Marnésia strongly contributed to the rise of the city and the department. It supported the development of the culture of the garance, of the Sugar beet, the Houblon and the Tabac. The city became a genuine warehouse for all these goods. Lezay-Marnésia also developed the highway network.

The time is with the great achievements: the Channel of the Rhone in the Rhine and the road bridge between Strasbourg and Kehl were built. The romantic style reveals the entry of the city in one new era and the modern world. The Technologie was from now on present in the Architecture. Bridges of Iron and cast iron appeared downtown like the bridge Saint-Thomas. Built in 1841, it consists of an apron resting on hollow arcs, out of cast iron. The hour was also with the hotels cossus and the industrial achievements. The old hotel of the Rhine or the Manufacture of the Tobaccos illustrates this prosperous activity perfectly.

The remarkable movement of construction generated by modernity is present in all the fields. The construction of the New Opera and the foundation of the Academy consolidated the image of Strasbourg like intellectual city. The municipal in the academic fields and school policy had many consequences. The University, abolished by the French revolution, reappears in the form of Académie. The Art S and Science S are protected. 1800 with 1870, Strasbourg changed aspect, not only thanks to the great achievements but also because one had the will to embellish it. The gardens of the Orangery and the Broglie walk were completed. In 1840, the statues of Gutenberg and Kléber (with the site of its vault Place Kléber) were carried out by the David sculptors of Angers and Philipp Gruss. Even the streets were the object of transformations: they were equipped with Trottoir S and standard lamps. The Napoleonean time is thus a return to prosperity and the ostentation which lasted until the war of 1870.

From 1870 to 1945: a city disturbed by three wars

Since the the Middle Ages, the city feared to be besieged and devoted a big part of its budget to the maintenance of its fortifications. Unfortunately, when in 1870, it was invaded by the troops badoises, Strasbourg was badly prepared. During three nights, it was bombarded. Several buildings were destroyed, like the Aubette, the prefecture and the theater. The roof of the cathedral was reached. The famous library the New Temple also, where was preserved the Hortus Deliciarum (the garden of the delights) of Herade de Landsberg, a book large size with splendid illuminations carried out by a moniale and which made the pride of this beautiful library, but which left in smoke in the fire (just like several thousands of treasures of old books and incunables) one evening August 1870. The missing vivres and the ramparts being damaged, the Uhrich General capitulated. The assessment of the seat was heavy. Many inhabitants had been killed, wounded or sick.

The Alsace-Lorraine was then annexed to the German Empire. It is then about the apogee of the political and territorial domination of Strasbourg. The city also profited from the will of the German to make the window of German know-how of it, aiming at attracting the local populations very as much as showing in the world and in particular with the France the superiority in any point of the Germanic culture. Most important urban extension of Strasbourg was then planned, under the direction of two mayors who were remarkable administrators, Otto Back and Rudolf Schwander, with for result a doubling of the surface of the residential area in about thirty years. After the Bombardment S, it was a question of rebuilding. The city choked in its medieval ramparts. The Alsatian architect Conrath undertook to build broad arteries intersected with green areas. Many public edifices transfer the day: university palate, central post office, municipal baths. The place of the republic constituted the junction point between the historical city and the new city. Five prestigious buildings were raised there, like the Parliament of Alsace-Lorraine (today National theater of Strasbourg), the university National library or the palate of the Emperor (today Palais of the Rhine) mixing Renaissance florentine and monumental Baroque Berlin ois. It is also during this period that the current station was built, replacing the old terminal.

In this fever of modernity, certain details did not preserve less for a long time a quite primitive character of it: in the buildings built at the end of the 19th century, it was rare to have a bathroom; one went once per week to the municipal showers when one was clean. Almost always the WC were located outside, on the stage, even if there were one apartment on the floor and that they were thus used only for only one family: they had as much as possible to be moved away from the remainder of the home. Hans-Otto Meissner tells in its memories that, in the very new building where his/her parents lived and who had been built at the beginning of the 20th century, many visitors were shocked to see the cabinets inside the apartment. “It is not hygienic”, said. Towards 1900, Modern Style, come from Glasgow, makes a small appearance, under the name of Art nouveau. The School of decorative Arts has a remarkable frontage of this style, which it supports. That of the Egyptian House is not less astonishing, mixing Jugendstil and Orientalisme. These buildings bring a note of imagination to the conventional whole of the other buildings.

Starting from 1912, work attacked the fields of transport and the communication. More convenient lanes were created. Places and avenues, broad and ventilated, were decorated trees. A news Gare was built. The port of the the Rhine, with industrial and commercial calling, was carried out. A belt of new fortifications was undertaken. The city was transformed into industrial big city, its population doubled and its intellectual life reappears. After the First World War, during which Strasbourg was relatively saved, the Alsace-Lorraine returned to the France which sought with to francize the area with forced march, by forgetting the co-education of the Alsatian culture and the many social progress acquired for the period 1870 - 1914. The political dispute of the Alsatian people was accompanied by a cultural protest. Anxious to preserve their particularism, the Of Strasbourg one founded a Alsatian Musée, preserving the regional traditions. The Alsatian Theater was born.

But the Second world war arrived and the Alsace was again annexed by the Germany. A very hard policy of germanisation was launched: prohibition to employ the French, change of the name of the streets and family names with French consonance. November 23rd, 1944, Strasbourg was released by the the 2nd armor-plated division of Leclerc and the Alsace returned again to the France. Strasbourg found its prosperity and the Alsace is today one of the most dynamic areas of France.

Since 1945: Strasbourg, symbol city in the middle of Europe

August 1st

In 1949, the British Minister for the foreign affairs, Ernest Bevin declared “We sought a center which can be appropriate for the European nations and become a symbol of the unit of Europe. The choice of Strasbourg appeared obvious to me. This large city had been pilot stupidity of the mankind which tried to regulate the businesses by the war, cruelty and the destruction”. One year later, Strasbourg accommodates the Court of the Human rights. Then, in 1952, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). In 1969, the Institute of the Human rights. In 1972, the Center European of Youth. In 1979, the European Parliament is elected for the first time at the vote for all and its maintenance with confirmed Srasbourg.

Role and stakes within Europe

Reference mark

Strasbourg is, since 1820, the seat of the first intergovernmental institution ever created, following the Traité of Vienna, the central Commission for the navigation of the Rhine. Previously, this institution was based with Mannheim. It gathers five countries: the France, the Germany, the Swiss , the Belgium and the Netherlands.

By changing five times of nationality into 75 years (1870 - 1945), Strasbourg became the symbol city of the Franco-German reconciliation and, overall, of the European unit. The city thus became one of the three European Capitales with Brussels and Luxembourg, by accommodating the the Council of Europe, then the the European Parliament of which it is the official seat and the European Cour of the human rights.

Strasbourg is the only French city sits of European institutions.

European institutions

The Council of Europe

Create in 1949, the the Council of Europe aims at the defense of the human rights, the development of the cultural identity of Europe, the research solution with the societies' problems (in particular discrimination, terrorism, bioethics…), the development of democratic stability. This institution gathers 47 States. The budget 2007 of the Council of Europe is of 197 million euros.

Are there as follows:

the General secretary of the the Council of Europe
the Committee of the Ministers for the Council of Europe and 47 diplomatic missions near the Council of Europe
the parliamentary Parliament of the Council of Europe
the European Court of the Human rights

This institution was created in 1959. A new building accommodates it since 1998.

the Police chief with the Human rights
the European Pharmacopée

It for goal development of a common pharmacopeia between the various Convention countries and which, in the long term, will replace the national pharmacopeias.

the European Center of Youth (1972)
the European Observatory of audio-visual the (1992)
the Funds Eurimages

The European Parliament

It is the parliamentary body of the European Union. It gathers 785 deputies elected by the European citizens. Since the July 7th 1981, the the European Parliament adopted several resolutions concerning its seat, asking for the governments Member States of respect the obligation that assign to them the treaties to fix a single seat for the institutions. In front of the deficiency of the Member States, the the European Parliament took a certain number of decisions as for its organization and to its work places (Luxembourg, Strasbourg, Brussels). At the time of the European Council of Edinburgh, the 11 and December 12th 1992, the governments of the Member States managed an agreement on the seats of the institutions, under the terms of which:

the the European Parliament has its seat in Strasbourg where the 12 annual periods are held of session, including the budgetary session;
the additional periods of plenary session are held with Brussels;
the parliamentary commissions sit at Brussels;
the General secretary and its services remain installed with Luxembourg.

This decision caused criticisms on behalf of certain deputies in favor of the seat of Brussels. However the Court of justice (stop of October 1st 1997 - C 345/95) confirmed that it fixes well the seat of the Parlement in accordance with Article 289 EC. The contents of this decision were included in the Traité of Amsterdam in the form of a protocol annexed with the Community treaties, which the the European Parliament regretted. The calendar of the sessions is fixed each year by the Parlement on proposal of the Conférence of the presidents. October 24th, 2006, the Parliament officialized the purchase of the whole of its buildings of Strasbourg, sealing by there its anchoring in the city.

Other European institutions and organizations

Strasbourg also accommodates European organizations:

command of the Eurocorps

Create in 1992, it acts of the most powerful army corps of Western Europe.

the data-processing center of Europol
the Central Commission on the Navigation of the Rhine (1920)
the Franco-German television channel Arte.
the International commission of the Civil statue (CIEC)
the European Foundation of science (FSE)
the scientific Program Human Border
the Parliament of the Areas of Europe
the Parliament of the Wine-producing areas of Europe
the European Platform of the authorities of regulation (EPRA)
the International Co-operative of Research on Communication (CIRCOM)
the European Mediator
the Institute European of the Industrial property
the RESULTING (International Space University)

Principal shelves

In 2006, a baptized petition Oneseat was launched for submission to the European citizens. She claims Brussels like single European parliamentary seat and, to date, joined together a little more than one million signatures.

The principal argument of this petition is the cost of displacement of the deputies, evaluated to 200 million euros per annum. In addition, with an urban surface of approximately 700.000 inhabitants, Strasbourg is a rather modest town of size compared with Brussels which counts 1,4 million individuals. Many deputies complain about the insufficient accessibility of the city that it is air or railway.

Finally Brussels, capital of the Belgium, is supported by all the country and the government whereas Strasbourg does not have really the support which it would need.

Projects of improvements

The projects of improvements are numerous and primarily aim improving the accessibility of the city and at developing its economic and cultural radiation.

accessibility :

The arrival of TGV Is, in June 2007, should be supplemented in 2011 of a line for Lyon. In the long term, Strasbourg will be connected to Stuttgart, Munich and Zurich by ICE, the German train at high speed, once will be in particular completed the rebuilding of the railway bridge on the Rhine, by 2010. Completed in 2002, the Pont Pflimlin is a whole symbol since the 12th century, only eight bridges connecting France to Germany were built. If the idea of a new bridge connecting the two countries to height of Strasbourg goes back to the years 1950, it is only into 1996 that the project took its final form. This bridge is an important economic instrument: it appreciably improves the accessibility of the city from Germany, ensuring a better service road of the port authority of Strasbourg and airport of Entzheim.

the Triennial contract :

Founded in 1980 pennies the impulse of Pierre Pflimlin, it aims to increase the radiation of the city by financing important projects (Zenith, Médiathèque, etc). The triennial contract in addition finances the operating deficit of certain air lines. The current contract, which will be completed in 2008, weighs 330 million euros and the State contributes to it to a total value of 30%.

Eurodistrict :

Relative convention with the creation of the Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau was initialed in 2005. Its objective with is double: to develop the exchanges between Strasbourg and Germany on the one hand, and to reach a new stage in the construction of Europe, by posing the stakes of what could be a metropolis binationale of almost a million inhabitants. The agreement of 2005 indeed aims at developing joint projects in the principal fields (transport, town planning, education, health, employment, environment). The Eurodistrict gathers in particular the towns of Strasbourg, Kehl, Offenbourg, Lahr and Achern.

Viaropa :

Launched in 2001, this vast project of urban development is presented by the municipality like a " hyphen between all the districts which opens the city on an exceptional natural environment: water, channels, Rhin." Concretely, Viaropa is declined in a whole of programs of rehabilitation and new constructions articulating itself along a East-West axis (of Eckbolsheim to banks of the Rhine).

Thus, on the basis of the west, Viaropa includes/understands:

the Zenith Strasbourg Europe (10 000 places) in Eckbolsheim (opening at the beginning of 2008)
the renovated Central station and its new square (completed in November 2007)
the restoration of the Place Kléber and the Bus shelter (completion of work in 2008)
the Rivétoile Center and " the archipelago culturel" around the basin of Austerlitz, in particular including the City of the music and the dance (completed in 2006) and the Large library-media library (opening in 2008)
the tertiary complex " Starlette" (completion in 2009)
the " project; Carry of France" on the banks of the Rhine (beginning of work during 2008) in particular including residences, trade, restaurants as well as a tower of approximately 70m.

Franco-German initiatives

the Garden of the two banks:

In 2004, the towns of Strasbourg and Kehl inaugurated a Festival of the two banks on both sides of the the Rhine. For the occasion a park was arranged and one can pass from one country to the other by the Passerelle Mimram.

Franco-German Forum:

Create by the Franco-German university, this forum is a living room of recruitment which is addressed mainly to the students in the search of an international career. It joins together annually more than 170 exhibitors.

Demography

Administration

Strasbourg is the chief town of the area Alsace and the Département of the Low-Rhine. It is moreover the seat of the Académie of Strasbourg and the ecclesiastical Province of Strasbourg.

Political life

Cantons of Strasbourg

Strasbourg is divided into 10 cantons:

the 1 {{er}} canton (center town) account 23 756 inhabitants
the 2 {{E}} canton (district Parks) account 21 362 inhabitants
the 3 {{E}} canton (Esplanade, Stock Exchange, Krutenau) account 24 893 inhabitants
the 4 {{E}} canton (District of the Fifteen) account 20 756 inhabitants
the 5 {{E}} canton (the Robertsau) account 22 402 inhabitants
the 6 {{E}} canton (Cronenbourg, Hautepierre, Wacken) account 42 549 inhabitants
the 7 {{E}} canton (Meinau, Neudorf-West) account 25 533 inhabitants
the 8 {{E}} canton (Neudorf) account 25 518 inhabitants
the 9 {{E}} canton (Koenigshoffen, Mountain-Green, Elsau) account 31 331 inhabitants
the 10 {{E}} canton (Neuhof, Port of the Rhine) account 26 015 inhabitants

(Census of 1999)

Twinnings

Strasbourg is twinned with the following cities:

Boston (the United States), in 1960
Leicester (the United Kingdom), in 1960
Stuttgart (Germany), in 1962
Dresden (Germany), in 1990
Ramat Gan (Israel), in 1991
Jacmel (Haiti), in 1996 (decentralized Co-operation)
Novgorod (Russia), in 1997 (decentralized Co-operation) (inheritance and administrative organization)
Fès (Morocco, in 2003) (decentralized Co-operation)

The city moreover concluded from the cooperation agreements through the Club of Strasbourg , in particular with:

Brno (Czech Republic)
Bucharest (Romania)
Budapest (Hungary)
Cracow (Poland)
Sofia (Bulgaria)
Split (Croatia)
Warsaw (Poland)

Taxation

Expressed as a percentage of the cadastral Rental value.

Health

The town of Strasbourg counts six public corporations which employ 10.859 worker for a total of 2.462 beds. 83,0% of the patients are of Bas-Rhinoise origin. The principal hospitals are the civil hospital (suburban hospital of a capacity of 895 beds), that of Hautepierre (1 017 beds) and that of the Robertsau (395 beds). Budget 2005 of the university hospitals of Strasbourg east of 684 million euros and 1,41 million euros are devoted to research. Important work is in hand in the enclosure of the civil hospital. They in particular aim at improving the conditions of lodging (75% of rooms in a place).

Safety

The rate of criminality in Strasbourg east of 105,46 acts for 1000 inhabitants (2005) and is thus appreciably higher than the national average (83,0%). Notwithstanding, the city is placed in the average of the French big cities, halfway between the cities of the south (Avignon, Toulouse, Nice etc) and the cities of the North-West (Rennes, Nantes, etc).

The rate of elucidation of the crimes and offenses is of 27,21% is slightly under the national average (28,76%) but in the leading bunch of the big cities of France.

Public finances

Strasbourg has a high Capacité of self-financing thanks to solid budgetary performances. In 2006, the debt accounted for 3,2% of the operational budget, that is to say 276 euros per capita. The rate of debt is thus modest, and for comparison the debt of the town of Paris rises with 859 euros per capita. However, the debt has tendency has to increase because of important investment plans (TGV Is, tram, Zenith). The primitive budget for the year 2007 is of 328,3 million euros for operation and 154,7 million euros for the investment.

Economy

Reference mark

Thanks to its geographical site, Strasbourg was always a crossing point for the goods and the people. At the center of Europe, the city is located at the crossroads of a North-South axis historically very much used and also of a East-West axis. Its site on the Rhine authorizes exchanges naturally by inland waterway. Like any big city, the branch of industry prevailing is the Tertiary sector, although industry still represents a considerable share of employment, in particular in common the neighborhoods. Strasbourg accommodates several large head offices, in particular LIDL-France, the Mutual credit, Steelcase and the Brasseries Kronenbourg. The C.U.S (Urban community of Strasbourg) account approximately 212.000 credits (census 1999) of which here the distribution:

Education & health: 41.500 (19,6%)
Services with the companies: 34.100 (16,1%)
Trade: 32.000 (15,1%)
Industries: 31.000 (14,6%)
Administration: 26.700 (12,6%)
Transport: 12.700 (6,0%)
Finances: 10.300 (4,8%)
Construction: 9.500 (4,5%)
Others: 14.200 (6,7%)

Unemployment rate has Strasbourg is, as in many French big cities, higher than the national average. But that was not always the case. For a long time, the city was characterized by a remarkably low unemployment rate, helped well by a dynamic secondary industry. However, the retreat of the industrial activities in France gradually reduced the difference between the averages of Strasbourg and French. Since unemployment drops but remains with the top of the levels national and regional.

Unemployment rate (source INSEE)

Strasbourg is the seat of the Chamber of commerce and industry of Strasbourg and of the Low-Rhine. It manages the international airport of Strasbourg Entzheim.

Secondary industry

The industrial activities in Strasbourg have as a characteristic to be completely diversified. They account for 14,6% of employment. On the 3000 industrial companies, more than 30% are with foreign assets, in particular German and American. The three principal sectors are the car (General Motors, Delphi Corporation, Johnson Controls), the drug company (Lilly, Octapharma, Prestwick Chemical, Carex, Boiron) and the agroalimentary one (the breweries Fischer and Kronenbourg).

Since the years 1990, the creation of the Pôle of competence Alsace-Biovalley brought many employment in the Drug company. In addition to the uses of research created by the university laboratories, with the creation of new research centres like the Institute of Genetics and of Molecular biology and Cellular or the Clinical Institute of the Mouse on the campus of Illkirch-Graffenstaden, a certain number of multinationals were established in Strasbourg or in its periphery. The point of organ of this development had been the transfer of the head office of Aventis in Strasbourg in 2002, unfortunately the repurchase of the company by Sanofi-Synthélabo in 2004 retransféré the head office of the new group with Paris.

The Port authority of Strasbourg and the ease of transport of the goods on the the Rhine played a big role in the economic development of the city. With 10,4 million tons goods in 2006, it is the second river port of France behind that of Paris. Today, some of spaces of the port authority are industrial waste lands; the old basins located close to the downtown area are filled or revalorized. There remain Aciérie S on both sides of the Rhine, those on the French side had tendency to péricliter before the increase of the price of the Acier in the years 2000; those on the German side (group BSW - Badische Stahlwerke) were moulted out of very profitable microphone-steel-works, engaging then many workers Frontalier S.

Tertiary sector

Trade

The marketing activity represents more than 30.000 employment in Strasbourg. Two enormous retail parks concentrate the essence of the marketing activity: that of the Watchtower in the south and that of Vendenheim in north. The downtown area gathers shops of luxury as well as an important shopping mall which shelters nearly 120 shops and 8 restaurants (Markets).

Finance

Strasbourg is one of the first money markets and banking of France and enjoys an important specificity in this field. The city counts ten head offices of banks in particular (: the Crédit Mutuel, the CIC-CIAL, the Banque Populaire of Alsace, the Savings bank of Alsace, the Building and loan association and Communal of Alsace and Lorraine), five rooms of markets and many foreign establishments (UBS, Barclays, HSBC, Legal & General, Assembles dei Paschi di Siena, etc). The financial activities employ more than 15.000 people on Strasbourg (real sector included).

Tourism

Tourism is an important activity for Alsace. The sector employs there 25.000 people including more than 8.000 on Strasbourg. One however observes a fall of the tourist activities in the area since 2004. Strasbourg does not escape the rule and only tourism of luxury is maintained. Each year, celebrates it Marché of Christmas (or Christkindlmärik) open during December, drains a considerable number visitors, the hotel capacities of the city and all the area filling the tank at this period. Unfortunately, these capacities of reception are under-utilized the remainder of the year with an average occupancy rate of the rooms of 54,7% compared with 60,4% for France.

The restoration is very developed in Strasbourg, in particular in the downtown area. All the types of restaurants are represented, since the very many döner-kebap S to the three stars (the Burehiesel for example), while passing by the typical regional restoration ( winstubs , bierstubs , tarts flambe…).

Culture and inheritance

See also: Gate: Strasbourg/Images, Strasbourg in images

The historical center, the Large island or insular ellipse , was classified world heritage by UNESCO in 1988.

Structure and monuments

The Middle Ages and Rebirth

The House Kammerzell built at the 15th century and which will take its current aspect at the end of the 16th century following important work. This house is characterized by its original structure: a first stone level, then three wood levels of Rhenish the Rebirth type, and finally three levels of roofs.

the covered bridges , built at the 13th century and which had as a role to protect the river access from the city. The defensive system will be several times reinforced until the end of the 16th century. The turns, visible still today, are the last of the 90 which defenses of the city until the 19th century counted.

The Stopping Vauban, strengthened lock built as from 1685 aiming at reinforcing defenses of the city. It could be used to flood the southern access of the city in order to slow down (see to stop) any enemy progression.

The houses of Small France , true panorama of the Middle Ages and the Rhenish Rebirth. Most known are the house of the tanners (built in 1572 and improved at the beginning of the 17th century by its owner) and the house Haderer, buildings with half-timberings and the forms characteristic of the Rhenish area.

The Old Customs, built at the 14th century and entirely destroyed by the bombardments of 1944, it was restored in 1956 and accommodates today a traditional restaurant as well as temporary exhibitions. It is one of the rare witnesses the commercial Means-Ageux of the city.

The room the commercial , built starting from 1582 pennies the impulse of Swiss contractors. It was increased in 1867 in the respect of the original style.

The old butchery , built between 1586 and 1588. The building will give up its initial function only in 1859. It shelters the historical museum today.

The hotel trade of the Corbel . Closed at the 19th century, it received famous hosts like Frederic Large the, Jean-Jacques Rousseau or Alexandre Dumas;

The civil hospital , built first once at the end of the 14th century and which was partially destroyed in a fire in 1716. The construction of a new hospital (still visible today) begins as of 1717 pennies the control of the architect Rodolphe Mollinger. Its immense roofs shelter three stages of attics. The building was increased in 1741.

The historical Cellar of the old people's homes of Strasbourg , built between 1393 and 1395 is the last vestige of the first hospital. The wine was then used as drug. Saved by the fire of 1716 which devastated the hospital, this cellar shelters in particular a white wine of 1472. This nectar of more than 500 years was been used only for three recoveries: in 1576, 1716 like in 1944, with the liberators of the city.

The college Fustel de Coulanges (in the past royal college, imperial college and central school under the Republic), being next to the cathedral, initially was the small seminar for the Jesuits after his construction in 1685. The place sheltered the first printing works of Strasbourg, in the house known as zum Thiergarten .

18th and 19th centuries

The Bus shelter (architect: Jacques François Blondel) built between 1765 and 1778 in a neo-classic style on the Place Kléber. This building was used initially as body of guard. Damaged in 1870, it sheltered the academy of music thereafter. An important project of restoration is in hand.

The palate of Rohan old episcopal palate built between 1728 and 1741 by the architect Robert de Cotte. He accommodates three museums today: the archaeological museum, the museum of the fine arts and the museum of decorative arts.

The hotel of the regional prefect (architect: Jean-Pierre Pflug), built between 1731 and 1736 for the account of François Joseph de Klinglin then royal lender of the city. He accommodated a time the prefecture of the Low-Rhine. Destroyed in 1870 during the Head office of Strasbourg, it was quickly restored.

The municipal Opera today national Opera of the Rhine (architect: Villot), started in 1804 and completed in 1821, it was partially destroyed in 1870 following German bombardments. In 1888, the back frontage was enriched by a circular fore-part.

The Château of Pourtalès builds at the 18th century. It was altered on several occasions during the 19th century and even at the beginning of the 20th century (increased houses, landscaped garden, new body of building). This castle is today the property of an American university, the Schiller International University.

The old town hall (architect: Joseph Massol) completed in 1736. Its construction was financed by Régnier III of Hanau-Lichtenberg which died before the end of work. The building becomes town hall in 1806. Today, it is mainly used for the celebrations of marriage.

German imperial architecture

It is claimed that after the massive destruction of the Second world war, it is in Strasbourg that one can admire more the good examples of the Architecture Wilhelmienne, in particular in the neighborhoods of the place of the Republic with:

The Palate of the Rhine (architect: Hermann Eggert), old imperial palace built between 1883 and 1888 in the purest Germanic style. Built to accommodate the emperor at the time of his visits in Strasbourg, it marks the fastening of the city in Germany, and falls under a program of urban renovation of great width. It shelters since 1920 the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine.

The National theater of Strasbourg (architects: Hartel and Neckelmann), built between 1888 and 1899, it accommodated the sessions of the Regional delegation initially. In 1911, it becomes the Parliament of Alsace-Lorraine until the end of the First World War. Attached since 1972 to the Ministry for the culture, it is the first national theater established in province.

The prefecture (old ministry of Alsace-Lorraine), built in 1911.

The National library and academic of Strasbourg (architects: Hartel and Neckelmann) inaugurated in 1895 it is today, with its three million works, the second library of France.

The post office building (architect: Von Rechenberg) of neo-gothic style, it was built between 1896 and 1899 by the administration of the Stations. The building was partially destroyed in 1944. During his rebuilding, one used pink sandstone. It is still today about a postal processing center.

The municipal baths (architect: Fritz Beblo), built of 1905 to 1908.

The university palate (Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität Strassburg) built in 1884 pennies the control of the young architect Otto Warth, it accommodates today still certain university courses (history, history of art etc). He is regarded as one of the most beautiful monuments built under the German era.

The International College of the Pontonniers , ex-College of Young girls inaugurated in 1904.

The Law courts (architect: Neckelmann) built between 1894 and 1897.

The central station , inaugurated in 1883, is one of the first buildings undertaken after fastening Alsace in Germany. The frontage of the building was almost not improved, it is surmounted today by a cloche.

The building Gallia ( Germania with its construction), completed in 1885. It initially sheltered an insurance company. Since the years 1920, it is the seat of associations coeds (today the CROUS and the General Federative Association of the Students of Strasbourg).

The barracks Stirn (architect: Von Lilienstern) built between 1884 and 1897. After the war of 1870, Strasbourg becomes an important base of the German army. This building, very modern at the time, covers a surface of 4,0 hectares and can accommodate three battalions of infantry.

One discovers there also some good examples of architecture Jugendstil , in particular:

22, rue du general Castelnau (F.Lütke architects and H. Backes)
the Schützenberger villa, with 76, allée de la Robertsau (architects: Berninger & Kraft)
the hotel Brion, 22, rue Sleidan (architect: Auguste Brion)

Contemporary architecture

The war memorial the , located Place of the Republic, inaugurated in 1937 by the President of the Republic Albert Lebrun, carries like only inscription " With our morts" without mentioning the fatherland for which the soldiers fell. The sculpture represents a mother (symbolizing the town of Strasbourg) holding on her knees her two dying children, one German and other French. They were fought and in front of death finally they approach. The sculpture was carried out by Leon-Ernest Drivier. It is one of rare the War memorials pacifist French.

The Garden city of Stockfeld and the Ungemach city, of the beginning of the 20th century.

The house of the Radio Television , inaugurated in 1961 and aujourdh' ui seat of France 3 Alsace. This building shelters a 25 meters length mosaic imagined by Jean Lurçat and entitled the Creation of the world .

The Palate of Europe (architect: Henry Bernard) inaugurated in 1977. It shelters the the Council of Europe.

The palate of the Human rights (architect: Richard Rogers) which, since 1995, accommodates the European Cour of the human rights. The building marries the course of the Ill, from where its shape in arc of circle.

The the European Parliament (architect: Architecture Studio). Inaugurated in 1998, it makes following the Summit of Edinburgh which, in 1992, fixes the seat of the European Parliament at Strasbourg.

The Escarpe , university Robert-Schuman (architects: Knecht and Schweitzer).

The footbridge Mimram , of the name of its architect Marc Mimram. Located in the garden of Two Banks and exclusively pedestrian, it connects Strasbourg to Kehl. Its function, primarily symbolic system, translated the will to bring closer two banks to the Rhine.

The Quoted of the Music and the Dance , inaugurated in May 2006, occupied by the pole of the music schools of Strasbourg and mainly by the Conservatory National of Area of Strasbourg.

The religious heritage

Formerly, the city deserved the nickname of “city to the thousand churches”, with its many convents, congregations, churches, temples and synagogs. Strasbourg was besides until the 18th century a remarkable theological center, with the main actors of the Reform who préchêrent there (and in particular Calvin).

See also: Notre-Dame Cathedral of Strasbourg

Strasbourg is known in particular for its cathedral. The building is characterized easily by its color, due to the pink use of sandstone, and by its single tower. Work started in 1176 but the first tower will be completed only in 1439. The second was never built, because the building, built on an unstable ground, was likely to crumble. This tower, high, 142 meters made cathedral of Strasbourg the building highest of the world between 1625 and 1847.

The Cathédrale of Strasbourg is also known for its astronomical clock masterpiece of art and science, and its green Rayon created by the stained glass of Juda (patriarch) which appears with the equinoxes when the sun is shining on the city. The Fondation of Work Notre-Dame follows and looks after the building since 1246.

But it has other historical churches which survived the wars and the destruction that the city underwent:

The reformed (Protestant), said Church Shield;

The Church Saint-Etienne , located inside the episcopal College Saint-Etienne. Built in 1210, there remains today of the church only the Transept and the Abside. The Crypte presents the vestiges of the Roman Basilique of the 5th century.

The Church Saint-Guillaume (Protestant) with his stained glasses Pre-Rebirth, containing an exceptional Lying tomb with S of the 14th century carried out by Woelflin de Rouffach. The bell-tower is built in 1667. The work is characterized by an obvious obliqueness.

The Church Saint-Jean-Baptist (catholic), of Gothic style. Built in 1477, it passes under the control of the knights of Malta in 1687. It is the last church about the beggars remaining in Strasbourg. It was damaged by bombardments in 1944 and was restored twenty years later.

The Church Saint-Louis (Protestant) completed in 1859 in the district of Robertsau.

The Church Saint Nicolas's Day (Protestant, but closed with the worship) of Gothic style. Its construction starts in 1381 but the bell-tower will be built only in 1585.

The Church Saint-Paul , old Evangelische Garnisonskirche (Protestant church of the garrison), dedicated today to the reformed worship, it was built between 1892 and 1897 in a neo-gothic style. The arrows, high, 76 meters make of it the highest church of the city.

The Church Saint-Pierre-the-Young person (Protestant), sheltering remarkable a Jubé, a cloister recently renovated, frescos of the 14th century and a burial mérovingienne of the 6th century. The building is started in the middle of the 12th century but it will be altered on several occasions. Become catholic in 1681 pennies order of Louis XIV, the church will be returned to the Protestants in 1893.

The Church Saint-Pierre-the-Young person (catholic), built at the 19th century to replace the church Saint-Pierre-the-Old man which will be returned to the Protestants. Of style néo-Romance with Gothic influences, the church has a typically Latin cupola. The Church Saint-Pierre-the-Old man , consisted of two perpendicular buildings: a church Protesting E and a Catholic church . The Protestant part was built between 1381 and 1428 and the church becomes catholic in 1683. New installations are undertaken in 1867 and other work was carried out at the beginning of the 20th century.

The Church Saint-Thomas (Protestant since 1524, the only one of this kind to preserve canons), of an architectural type very particular since it is about a church - market with five Nef S equal height, being thus opposed to the usual design basilicale. It preserves in its chorus celebrates it tomb of the Maréchal of Saxony, whose author is the sculptor of the 18th century Jean-Baptiste Pigalle. Mozart and Albert Schweitzer played on its Orgue Silbermann.

The Church Holy-Madeleine (catholic): preserved chorus of the old conventual church of the 15th century, destroyed by a fire in 1904, being used as vault with the new church, perpendicularly set up. Remainders of a Gothic cloister and frescos. The building was destroyed one second time in 1944 and will be rebuilt only in 1958.

The Holy-Aurélie Church (Protestant) which shelters a nave baroque, an organ of André Silbermann and a clock of Jean-Baptiste Schwilgué. Certain elements of the original church of the 12th century are still visible aujour' today. It was however altered on several occasions, in particular in 1765 (principal gate).

The Church Saint-Maurice (catholic), built between 1895 and 1898, in a neo-gothic style. Its slim bell-tower is visible by far, closing a long prospect since the place for Haguenau.

The New Temple , built between 1873 and 1876 in a style néo-novel. It replaces the church of Dominican which was destroyed during bombardments in 1870. Its bell-tower culminates with 60 meters height. For more information concerning the Catholic religion in Strasbourg:

Organ

Strasbourg is also famous for the quantity and the variety of its Orgue S baroques, neo-classics, romantic, “Germanic”, modern and eclectic, of which much is classified Historic building. The city is some called time “the capital of the organ”. Several Dynastie S of organ builders is represented in the churches but also the concert halls (Palate of the Festivals, old Conservatory, Cité of the music and the dance) of Strasbourg: the Silbermann (Andre and Jean-Andre), the Schwenkedel (Georges and Curt), the Walther, the Roethinger (Edmond-Alexandre and max), the Muhleisen, the Kern (Alfred, Gaston and Daniel), etc

Theaters, theaters and in concert

The Choucrouterie , cabaret of Roger Siffer. This small theater of 80 places accommodates 20.000 spectators each year and proposes humorous spectacles on the topic of Alsace.

The Quoted of the Music and the Dance , dedicated to the classical music and contemporary.

The Dairy , concert hall of the town of Strasbourg inaugurated in 1994 on an old industrial site. In spite of its modest size (two rooms: 1.000 and 300 places) the Dairy quickly became a place of re-elected with 200 concerts and 100.000 spectators per annum.

The Link , theater of Strasbourg primarily based in Wacken (two rooms: 600 and 150 places) since the case of arson of the room of Hautepierre.

The Palate of the Festivals which accommodates concerts and spectacles of dance.

The national Opera of the Rhine , born from the fusion of the municipal operas from Colmar, Mulhouse and Strasbourg. It obtained the statute of national opera in 1997 and proposes more than 130 representations per annum with collaboration of the philharmonic orchestra of Strasbourg.

The Philharmonic orchestra of founded Strasbourg in 1855. Composed of 110 musicians, it gives more than 30 concerts per annum to Strasbourg and occurs regularly abroad. This orchestra obtained several national and international rewards.

The Percussions of Strasbourg , instrumental group created in 1962 by six percussionnists and who occurs regularly within the framework of musical demonstrations. The percussions of Strasbourg propose also school training courses and interventions.

The Palate of the Music and the Congresses which extends on 50.000 m and shelters in particular two auditoriums (2 000 and 1.100 places). It accommodates approximately 350 demonstrations and 320.000 participants each year.

The South pole , theater primarily dedicated to the Jazz and the dance. The principal room can accommodate 320 spectators.

The exhibition site , which gathers several halls whose total surface area is of 22.000 m (without Rhenus). It accommodates in particular the European Fair (1 100 exhibitors and 220.000 visitors per annum).

The Rhenus , Hall transformed into concert hall before the arrival of the Zenith. it can accommodate 8.000 spectators and covers 6.500 Mr. It makes party of the Exhibition site.

The Theater of the Young Public , founded in 1974 per Andre Pomarat and specialized in the parts for children from 4 to 16 years. Today national dramatic center, this theater accommodates approximately 60.000 spectators per annum.

The National theater of Strasbourg , going down from the dramatic Center of the East, it obtains its statute of National theater in 1968.

The Zenith (opening envisaged at the beginning of 2008) whose maximum capacity will be of 10.000 spectators.

The Alsatian Theater of Strasbourg , creates in 1898. The programming is, as its name indicates it, primarily dedicated to the local directors.

TAPS of the Station (in the past, Theater of the Edges ) and of Neudorf, which propose eclectic programming.

The Molodoï , autonomous center young creates in 1988 and primarily turned towards the music (hip hop, punk, hardcore).

The Cubic Black of the CREPS, with Koenigshoffen, dedicated to the theater amateur.

The Kafteur , theater workshop of humor founded in 1993.

Events, festivals

The electronic Nuits of Ososphère , which are held each year with the Dairy.

The Festival Musica , or International festival of the musics of today , created in 1982. It joins together more than 20.000 spectators each year. In 2007 it is more than 58 type-setters who propose a hundred contemporary works.

The Festival of the Artefacts , musical festival created with the beginning of the year 1990 which proceeds primarily in Rhénus and the Dairy.

The Festival of music of Strasbourg , created in 1932 by the Company of the friends of the music of Strasbourg and dedicated to the classical music and the lyric art.

The Jazz festival of Strasbourg , created in 1987 by the Company of the friends of the music of Strasbourg .

Museums and places of exposure

The cabinet of the prints and drawings , founded in 1890. It shelters approximately 200.000 works of which oldest date from the 15th century.

The center Tomi Ungerer which presents the donation of the artist to his birthplace. From now on installed with the Greiner villa, this museum has a bottom of 8000 drawings and 6000 toys of the Alsatian artist.

The Alsatian museum , museum of arts and traditions popular. One discovers there in particular the Alsatian rural life between 1750 and 1860 through objects of all kinds: furniture, headstocks, covers and other ustensils.

The archaeological museum which proposes an important collection of old objects (of -600 000 to 800 years after J.C.) discovered in Alsace.

The museum of Decorative Arts , located in the enclosure of the palate of Rohan. It makes us discover the craft industry of Strasbourg of the 17th century under all its seams as well as the apartments of the palate.

The museum of the Art schools , which recalls the history of painting in Europe. The museum proposes inter alia many Italian works of which oldest, from Sandro Botticelli, is gone back to 1485.

The museum of modern art and contemporary which, since its inauguration in 1998, exposes the works gone back to 1870 to our days.

The historical museum , located in the building of the old butchery. It is primarily centered on the urban, political and economic history of the city. One discovers there in particular a model on the scale 1/600e of Strasbourg in 1727.

The Museum of the Work Notre-Dame which deploys a rich person collection of old works, very often in religious matter. One finds there in particular one of the oldest stained glasses of France, the Romance head of Wissembourg (gone back to 1060), as well as the statuary of the 13th century of the Cathedral.

The museum of mineralogy , university museum which shelters more than 30.000 minerals. One finds there in particular the second collection of meteorites in France (450 samples).

The zoological museum , attached to the university Louis Pasteur. He proposes an impressive collection of animals, sometimes extremely rare. The museum shelters also a collection of a million insects.

The astronomical observatory with its Planetarium. Under the cupola the third telescope of France is hiding place after those of Meudon and Nice. The Planetarium proposes many scéances dedicated to discovered Universe.

The Vessel , a space of scientific discovery inaugurated in 2005. It is primarily intended to the children from 3 to 15 years.

Cinemas

The agglomeration of Strasbourg counts 50 rooms in six cinemas. The center of the city is invested by the small independent cinemas with cultural vocation, in particular the Odyssée . This small cinema located in the buildings of an old cinematographic theater of 1913 in addition proposes a library dedicated to the cinema (6000 reviews, 2500 photographs). One finds in the neighborhoods two complexes: a UGC located in the district of Neudorf (22 rooms, 5.100 places, a screen of 23,5 meters) and a Pathé located at Brumath (12 rooms).

With the arrival of the complexes of cinema, three cinemas of the center town however closed their doors: the Méliès , the old UGC and the Pathé Club .

Worships

Strasbourg is, still today, the only town of France has to have faculty of a Protestant and catholic theology integrated into its system of public education (due to the particular status of the local right, which maintains the certificated Régime for the religions Protestant woman and catholic, and more recently, the Jewish religion). the unit of teaching of Protestant theology is also, since always, a formation deprived for the intellectual elites of the city. Thus, Catherine Trautmann, former socialist mayor of the city, made its studies of first cycle there.

Strasbourg counts one of the most important Jewish communities of France after Paris, Marseilles, Lyon, Nice and Toulouse: 17.000 members approximately. The Jews were however banished of Strasbourg lasting more than four centuries (of 1389 to 1789), time when they settled in the villages and small towns of the surroundings. At the 19th century, the Alsace was the area where the greatest number of French of confession Hébraïque lived. The city is equipped with several synagogs, of which vast the Synagog of Peace , of a private clinic (the Adassa private clinic), of an old people's home for seniors (the Élisa hearth) as well as several schools and secondary schools (Akiba school, school Yehouda Halévi, the ORT) managed by the Jewish community.

A mosque is also in the course of construction, though its construction gives place has controversies, in particular on the origin of the funds and the integration or not of the Islamic religion in the certificated Régime.

Lastly, the city also has strong bonds with the Bouddhisme. Thus, association Free Tibet France and the international Lycée of Pontonniers organized the arrival of the Dalaï Lama, in the years 1980, and of the regular exchanges with buddhist monks are maintained.

The religious authorities of Strasbourg are the archbishop, Mgr Jean-Pierre Grallet, the chief rabbi Mr. Rene Gutman, the president of the Protestant Church and the president of the Muslim cult of the Low-Rhine, Mr. Mohamed Lathay.

Transport

Right from the start, Strasbourg owes its name with its position “with crossroads”. Still today, the city profits from a privileged geographical location which in fact an important European crossroads, with the intersection of some of the main axes of communication of the continent.

Public transport

The modern network of the tram of Strasbourg, inaugurated in 1994, account since the August 25th 2007 five lines for 56 stations. The extensions in progress, which will be completed in June 2008, will make network of the tram of Strasbourg widest of France and only the " maillé" , with nearly 70 stations and 53,0 kilometers of line. The transport capacity will be then of 300.000 passengers per day. A new extension, programmed to the horizon 2010, must make it possible to connect the valley of the Bruche and Piedmont of the the Vosges via a Tram-train in particular serving the airport of Entzheim whose station must be rebuilt close to the air terminal, as well as the towns of Molsheim, Rosheim, Obernai and Barr. Later on, the line has should be prolonged to serve the new Zenith and the future exhibition site, while the line D should reach Kehl and Germany.

In addition, a network of bus, also used by the Compagnie of Transport Of Strasbourg (CTS) serves the whole of the agglomeration of Strasbourg. With its 320 kilometers of line, it offers a dense grid on the whole of the territory of CUS and pushing even to the station of Kehl in Germany. Reorganized the arrival of the tram and around this one, it takes into account today 30 urban lines and 11 interurban.

The whole of the network of the CTS (tram and bus) transports 85 million travellers per annum and traverses 14,5 million kilometers each year.

Cycle network

Strasbourg has the first cycle network of France with more than 440 kilometers of tracks, connected to the German network by the bridge Pierre Pflimlin. One will also note the existence of a transborder European track of almost 60 kilometers length which connects Molsheim to Offenbourg via Strasbourg. Another track similar length skirts the Canal of the Marne to the Rhine until Saverne, and even Lutzelbourg near the tilted Plan of Saint-Louis-Arzviller.

Highway network

Because of design of the highways - as being at the same time ways of transit and access roads of the great agglomerations - which prevailed in the years 1970 and 1980, Strasbourg sees its agglomeration crossed by highway ways carried today with 2 times 3 ways, and this with less than one kilometer of the downtown area. It results from it from strong harmful effects: independent source of pollution and saturation of the traffic, the highway has 35, with close to 200 000 vehicles/day, is saturated with France after the Parisian peripheral .

There is a construction project of a new highway of 2 times 2 ways, known as great western skirting (GCO) of Strasbourg, in order to collect the North-South through traffic and to lighten the western by-pass. The layout envisages to connect the exchanger of Hoerdt to north, with Innenheim in the south. The opening is envisaged at the end of 2011 for a traffic under consideration of 41 000 vehicles per day. The estimates of DDE (building owner) however let plane some doubts about the interest of such an infrastructure, since it would collect only approximately 10 % of the traffic (30% according to Regional management).

Railway network

Strasbourg is one of the stages of “Masterly European”, West-east main axe of Europe, Paris to Budapest (either the way of current the East-Express train), which must become LGV in the long run Is European. The first stage connecting Paris-Is in Strasbourg was brought into service on June 10th, 2007, bringing back the time of way towards 4 a.m. old Paris to 2:20. The beginning of work of the second phase between Baudrecourt and Vendenheim is envisaged in 2010 for a completion in 2015. Run time between Paris and Strasbourg will be then of 1h50.

In addition, the agglomeration, via the station of Kehl, is also on one of the North-South main axes, of Hamburg to Milan via Frankfurt and Basle. The opening of TGV the Rhine-Rhone by 2012 should place it on a second axis at high speed between the North Sea and the Mediterranean.

The traffic of the Gare of Strasbourg is approximately 35.000 passengers per day but the arrival of the TGV East should in the long term carry this figure to 55.000 passengers.

River system

Strasbourg was founded on the Ill and the batelières activities were always very important there considering the density of the hydrographic network. Today one counts more 650 000 annual visitors on the boat-slow train and the city is also a high place of river tourism, on the Canal of the Marne in the Rhine, and especially on the Rhine. CroisiEurope, number one of the sector, have its seat besides there.

The city also has important harbor installations on the the Rhine, which constitutes the first inland waterway of Europe and the first commercial river of the world. In 1920, the office of the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine (see supra, “European capital”) was transferred from Mannheim in Strasbourg and placed in the old imperial palace, renamed Palais of the Rhine. The Port authority of Strasbourg is the second river port of France with 10,4 million tons of freight in 2006 (rail traffic included).

Air traffic

The international airport of Strasbourg, located at about fifteen kilometers in the south-west of the city, with Entzheim, is the seventh of France. Its traffic was stabilized since 1996, oscillating around 2,0 million annual passengers (with a peak to 2,2 million in 1999). About fifty served destinations, primarily in Europe. A shuttle carries out the connection with the Baggersee station of the tram, while waiting for the direct connection by the Tram-train.

For the flights long mails, a service of regular buses carries out the connection with the Aéroport of Frankfurt which constitutes one of principal the hub S Europeans with more than 300 destinations throughout the world. Old Canadian air bases of Lahr (during work with Entzheim in 2000) and Söllingen (which accommodates constrained Ryanair to leave Entzheim by Air France) are also used as airport additional.

Teaching

Primary and secondary education

For the year 2004-2005, the city counted 128 nursery schools (17 325 pupils), 116 elementary schools (26 842 pupils) and 43 colleges (21 655 pupils). Strasbourg counted also 18.731 high-school pupils divided in 38 establishments.

The two most famous colleges are:

the College Kléber , founded in 1871 and rebuilt between 1955 and 1959, it is one of the greatest plublics establishments of Alsace. It accommodates each year more than 2.000 pupils including 900 students in preparatory classes. Rate of success with the baccalaureat oscillates between 90,0% and 94,0% following the years, including 45,0% of mentions. The Kléber college lays out of more than 250 rooms individual coeds.

the international College of Pontonniers , an old school of young girls founded in 1815. It occupies a building of the whole beginning of the 20th century and proposes a teaching resolutely turned towards the international one and the artistic activities (theater, history of arts). Its rate of success with the baccalaureat is of 100%. The international college is in addition 10th the best with dimensions one of France.

Higher education

Reference mark

With more than 53.500 students, Strasbourg is important a coed city. But it is especially resolutely turned towards the international one. Indeed, more than one student out of five is not French nationality (21,9% of the university students in 2005), about half of them being originating in Europe. A third from these abroad comes from Africa. On the whole, it is nearly 100 nationalities which are represented. 96% of the students are localized with Strasbourg (75% with it only) and Mulhouse. Come then by decreasing order Illkirch, Colmar, Schiltigheim and Haguenau.

The students in Alsace are mainly girls: they account for 56% of the registered voters. They on-are represented in the languages (73%), the letters and arts (69%) or the right and Science-Po (63%). On the other hand, in sciences known as “hard”, they are nothing any more but 26% there. Nearly 70% of the students in Alsace obtained their vat in the area (and even 78% with the UHA, which has a recruitment clearly more local).

Universities

Strasbourg counts three universities gathered within the European Pole university which form, with those of Mulhouse, Basle, Freiburg and Karlsruhe, the European Confédération of the universities of the higher Rhine (EUCOR).

University Louis Pasteur (ULP) - Strasbourg I (sciences) which covers the whole of the scientific disciplines, of medicine to the economic scenes while passing by physics-chemistry. This university spends 11,8 million euros in contracts of research and account 1.162 teacher-researchers on a total of 1.444 teachers. Its total budget for year 2003 rises to 205,25 million euros.

University Marc Bloch (UMB) - Strasbourg II (named before Université of the social sciences of Strasbourg , USHS) whose dies are primarily devoted to the social sciences. This university gathers 511 teachers including 389 teacher-researchers. Its budget 2003 is of 45,40 million euros.

University Robert Schuman (the USSR) - Strasbourg III (right, political sciences, management) which is dedicated to political sciences and legal. It counts 386 teachers including 278 teacher-researchers for a budget 2003 of 38,88 million euros.

January 1st, 2009, these three entities will amalgamate to constitute the European Université of Strasbourg.

Business schools

Created in 1919, the ''' European Institut of higher commercial studies ''' (IECS) is a national college of business turned towards the international one (course university three years, including one abroad) and member of the Conférence of the universities. The IECS is at the origin of the network HERMES, co-operative project based on the principle of the double diploma. The IECS publishes in addition the Strassbuch , guide free of the good addresses of Strasbourg reactualized each year.

The ''' European Institute of higher learning of management ''' (ISEG) is also established in Strasbourg. Exempted teaching is specialized the Sports and leisures .

Schools of engineers

School and observatory of sciences of the Earth (EOST)
European School of chemistry, polymers and materials (ECPM)
National school of and the environment spirit of the waters of Strasbourg (ENGEES)
3Ecole Nationale Sup3erieure of physics of Strasbourg (ENSPS)
School for data processing and new technologies (EPITECH)
University of biotechnology of Strasbourg (ESBS)
University of data processing - Supinfo (ESI)
National institute of sciences applied (INSA) of Strasbourg (in the past ENSAIS, National school arts and industries of Strasbourg)

Schools of art

University of decorative arts of Strasbourg (ESAD)
the Institute of higher learning of the Applied arts (LISAA)
3Ecole Nationale Sup3erieure of Architecture of Strasbourg (ENSAS ENSAS)
Conservatory University of dramatic art
to regional radiation

Other schools

University center of teaching of journalism (CUEJ)
National school of administration (ENA)
Institute of political studies (IEP) of Strasbourg
European Institute of higher commercial studies (IECS)
National institute of territorial studies (INET)
European Institute of higher learning of management (ISEG) of Strasbourg
International Space University (RESULTING)
International Schiller University
College Fustel de Coulanges (literary CPGE)
College Jean Rostand (vocational training, technological and general); Scientific CPGE bio (BCPST and TB).
College Kléber (scientific CPGE)
international College of Pontonniers (international Sections)

Others

The three universities and the many schools and preparatory classes of Strasbourg accommodate many students, and although the development is done henceforth in campuses decentralized far from the saturated downtown area (Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Meinau, Cronenbourg, Haguenau, etc), the students represent all the same between 1/5 and 1/6 of the population. The bars and the meeting places are thus very numerous and much are addressed specifically to the population coed (in particular close to the university campus and in the district to the Krutenau).

Sport

General information

With more than 73.000 bachelors divided in 220 clubs, Strasbourg is a city resolutely turned towards the sport and equipped with equipment of quality (new Rhénus, new skating rink).

According to the classification of the newspaper the team Strasbourg is the sixth sporting city of France. The share of the budget of the sports amounts to 6,3%. Certain rumeures would speak about a presentation to the Olympic Games of 2020 , a European candidature (Swiss, Germany, Luxembourg and France). To confirm….

High level sport

In Football, the city is represented in Championnat of France of football (League 1) by the Racing Club of Strasbourg founded in 1906 and based with the Stade of Meinau.
In Basketball, the Strasbourg Illkirch Graffenstaden Basket evolves/moves in Pro has. She plays her home matches with the Rhénus-Sport.
In Handball, Robertsau remains the only one representing city at the national level after the financial retrogradation of Racing.
In Hockey, the black Star takes part in the championship of Magnus League, elite of French hockey, and evolves/moves in the new skating rink of the Iceberg.
In Water polo, SNS evolves/moves within division Élite. It also counts in its rows of the swimmers of national level.
As regards Tennis, the female Internationaux of Strasbourg constitute the second French tournament of the female circuit after the Open of Paris.
In Badminton, the city is represented by 3 clubs evolving/moving in Main road 1: the ASPTT, Robertsau and the CEBA (champion of France in 1993)
In Rugby, the Racing Club of Strasbourg Rugby evolves/moves into Federal 2.

See also Strasbourg and the Tour de France

See too

List of people born in Strasbourg
List of people having resided at Strasbourg
List of the ammestres of Strasbourg
List of the mayors of Strasbourg

External bonds

Official site of the town of Strasbourg
Official site of Eurodistrict
the port authority of Strasbourg
municipal files of Strasbourg
museums of Strasbourg
organ of Strasbourg
Many photographs from building in Strasbourg
Strasbourg on the site of INSEE
Strasbourg on the site of the National Geographical Institute
Strasbourg on the site of Quid
panoramic Webcam swivelling of 180°

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Etymology

Geography

Situation

Geomorphology and hydrography

Green areas

Climate

Heraldic

History

Antiquity: origins of the city

The Middle Ages: a flourishing and radiant German city

Rebirth: Strasbourg, in the middle of the German humanistic currents

Old Mode: a new fatherland

From 1789 to 1870: a new golden age

From 1870 to 1945: a city disturbed by three wars

Since 1945: Strasbourg, symbol city in the middle of Europe

Role and stakes within Europe

Reference mark

European institutions

The Council of Europe

The European Parliament

Other European institutions and organizations

Principal shelves

Projects of improvements

Franco-German initiatives

Demography

Administration

Political life

Cantons of Strasbourg

Twinnings

Taxation

Health

Safety

Public finances

Economy

Reference mark

Secondary industry

Tertiary sector

Trade

Finance

Tourism

Culture and inheritance

Structure and monuments

The Middle Ages and Rebirth

18th and 19th centuries

German imperial architecture

Contemporary architecture

The religious heritage

Organ

Theaters, theaters and in concert

Events, festivals

Museums and places of exposure

Cinemas

Worships

Transport

Public transport

Cycle network

Highway network

Railway network

River system

Air traffic

Teaching

Primary and secondary education

Higher education

Reference mark

Universities

Business schools

Schools of engineers

Schools of art

Other schools

Others

Sport

General information

High level sport

See too

Related articles

External bonds