Stating
In Linguistic, the stating is the individual act of production of a stated, addressed to a recipient, in some circumstances.
In any communication, as well oral as written, one finds at the same time a statement and a stating. The statement is the linguistic result , i.e., the marked word or the written text, while the stating is the linguistic act by which elements of language are directed and returned specifically meaning by the enonciator (and his Co-énonciateur, which is not a simple recipient) in order to produce the aforementioned statement: it is generally said that the statement is the “ known as ”, while the stating is the “ to say ”. To summarize, “ it is the stating which makes the statement ”.
The statement is of natural material . Consequently, it is seizable by one of our five directions (generally, the Ouïe, in the case of the oral examination, and the Vue, in that of the writing), and in addition, reproducible , first of all, orally, then, in the writing, finally, by average modern technologies, such as the recording, analogical or numerical.
The stating on the other hand, is much less material, and therefore, much more difficult to encircle and transcribe. Not being always directly perceptible, it can be the subject of an investigation or a deduction, but it always escapes to us, at least partially: consisting of a individual and single act , “ the stating, by nature, cannot be reproduced ”.
From a grammatical point of view strictly , one could believe a priori that only the statements relate to this discipline, and that consequently, the stating is except subject. It is not exact. Indeed, initially, the stating is precisely used to circumscribe the limits of the field of the morphosyntaxe, then, its location is essential to the study of some categories, such as Nom S, Pronom S, Adverbe S.
Situation of stating
The situation of stating is the situation in which a word was emitted, or in which a text was produced. This one makes it possible, roughly speaking, to determine which speaks with which (or: who writes with whom), and in which circumstances .
The act of stating puts in scene agents and circonstants (one can summarize them as follows: “ I ”, “ you ”, “ here ” and “ now ”). However, according to whether the agents and the circonstants of the situation of stating are or not present in a given statement, this one will be known as anchored or cut situation of stating .
Cut statement of the situation of stating
A stated cut situation of stating (one also says: a plane not coupled ) does not comprise any index (or Embrayeur) making it possible to locate this one. They are often the account , but also the sententious statements, the legal texts, the proverbs, the directions for use, the technical descriptions, the scientific demonstrations, etc (and generally, that relates to the writing ):
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(1) Monday, January 10, 2005, to the foot of the tower Eiffel, Solange Martin said to Charles Dupuis: “The Parisian ones seized the Bastille on July 14th, 1789. ”
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the statement “ the Parisian ones seized the Bastille on July 14th, 1789 . ” is produced by the situation of following stating.
- - the enonciator is “
- - the recipient is “
Charles Dupuis ”.- - the place of the stating is “
with the foot of the tower Eiffel ”.- - the time of the stating is the “
Monday, January 10, 2005 ”. - This statement not comprising any Embrayeur making it possible to put this one in relation to its own situation of stating, this statement must thus be analyzed like “half-compartment” of this one. Let us note that this statement is a Récit.
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(2) Monday, January 10, 2005, to the foot of the tower Eiffel, Solange Martin said to Charles Dupuis: “Silence is golden, speech is silvern. ”
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the statement “ Silence is golden, speech is silvern . ” situation of stating is produced consequently that of the preceding statement. It is noted that following the example first, this second statement does not comprise any embrayor making it possible to put this one in relation to its own situation of stating: this new statement, also, “is thus cut to him” of this one. Let us note that this statement is a Proverbe.
Statement anchored in the situation of stating
A stated anchored in the situation of stating (one also says: a plane coupled ) comprises at least an index (or Embrayeur) making it possible to locate this one. It is often about the oral speech :
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(3) Monday, January 10, 2005, to the foot of the tower Eiffel, Solange Martin said to Charles Dupuis: “Tomorrow, I will await you here. ”
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the statement “ Tomorrow, I will await you here . ” situation of stating is produced consequently that of the two statements above, but contrary to what occurs for the two first, this third statement contains a certain number of embrayeurs making it possible to put this one in relation to its own situation of stating.
- - the Adverbe “
- - the personal Pronom “
I ” is a embrayor of the first nobody appointing the enonciator, that is to say “ Solange Martin ”.- - the verb “
will await ” - more precisely, its termination (“ have ”: future of the code, first nobody of the singular) - is also a embrayor of the first nobody appointing the enonciator, that is to say “ Solange Martin ”.- - the personal pronoun is “to you” a embrayor of the second nobody returning to the recipient, that is to say “
Charles Dupuis ”.- - Lastly, the adverb “here” is a space embrayor, precisely meaning “
with the foot of the tower Eiffel ”. - This third statement “is thus anchored in the situation of stating”. This statement is a Discours.
Agents and circonstants of the stating
The circonstants correspond to the circumstances of the stating. The agents of the stating as for them, are, on the one hand the enonciator , i.e., that which speaks or which writes, on the other hand the recipient , i.e., the other, that to which addresses the statement, spoken or written.
The indices making it possible to locate the participation of the enonciator the situation of stating, the presence of the recipient, as well as the circumstances of place and time in which the statement is produced, are called Embrayeur S.
Enonciator
The enonciator is the agent which says (or could say) “to I ”. It is also called transmitting , or prone speaker , or, of the stating .
- Let us notice while passing that one should not confuse the subject of the stating with the subject of the statement, this last corresponding more or less to the grammatical subject:
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Bernard left.
- the subject of the statement is the name “
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the enonciator is more precisely called speaker , with the oral examination; and author, or script writer , with the writing.
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the enonciator is always singular: “ us ” for example, contains one “ I ”.
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the act of communication leaves the will of the enonciator incontestably: this one is the center and assumes the responsibility for it. Consequently, it is always useful to be questioned in connection with its intentions (to convince, move, distract, make dream, etc), whether those are manifest or latent. Thus all the misadventures which will come to disturb the stating (flow, your, hesitations, lapse…) will belong to this one, and will inform us about the enonciator, and by there, about the stating.
Recipient
The recipient is the agent with which it enonciator known as (or could say) “ you ”. It is also called receiving receiver or .
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the recipient is more precisely called, interlocutor , or addressee , or listener , with the oral examination; and reader , with the writing.
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It is obviously the number two of the act of communication. The Discours is addressed to him, but it can be more or less implied in this one: the linguists say that its degree of presence can vary .
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In addition, and contrary to the enonciator, the recipient can be multiple (when one addresses to several people at the same time).
Circonstants
The circonstants return essentially, with the circumstances of place and time , which is appreciated compared to the act of stating:
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- a circonstant of place is given compared to the place of the stating (“ here ”, i.e., the place where the “ I ” speak or written);
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- a circonstant of time is given compared to the time of the stating (“ now ”, i.e., the moment where the “ I ” speak or written).
But the circonstants also indicate, in a broader meaning, the whole of the circumstances determining an act of stating (certain linguists speak about énonciatif context ):
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You remember ces holidays in Brazil? these ” should not induce in error: the holidays in Brazil are apparently finished for a long time, but this conclusive is there to testify that by the thought , they are always present in the situation of stating, and belong to the sociocultural environment and the common memories of the two involved agents.
Particular case of the account and the brought back speech
In a dialog (with the Theater, in a Romance …), with each new counterpart, the situation of stating changes, since the enonciator and the recipient change too. In the account , it is a little more complicated as we will see it now.
In the dimension of the account (or narration ) the enonciator (more precisely, the author, since generally, an account is written ) becomes the narrator , i.e., that which tells. He can take part in the history which he tells. Sometimes, it merges with the author, in the case of a autobiographical account , for example. Other times, on the contrary, the author make his account under the name of a character , reality or fiction: in this case, it is advisable to distinguish the author from the narrator.
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For example, the detective novel the Murder of Roger Ackroyd has as an author Agatha Christie, but it is Doctor Sheppard, character fictitious, who is the narrator.
Usually, the narrator makes speak the characters about his account in bringing back their words. This process, called precisely Speech reported, makes it possible to make hear a plurality of voice (certain linguists on this subject, speak even about polyphony ).
The reported speech can take the direct or indirect form. The direct Discours is the exact quotation (generally between quotation marks) of the speech made by a third, while the indirect Speech is the incorporation (with transposition and without quotation marks) of the speech of a third in the Syntaxe of the principal speech, that of the narrator:
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(1) Jacques informed me: “Tomorrow, I leave on vacation. ” direct
- (2) Jacques informed me that the following day, it left on vacation. indirect
The following remarks will thus be made:
In the direct speech, there is not only two syntactic units independent , but also, two distinct situations of stating, and consequently, two successive énonciateurs (in the first example above: the narrator, then, Jacques). The narrator remains however narrator even if the situation of stating changes between the narrative part and the discursive part.
In the indirect speech on the contrary, there is only one syntactic unit, only one situation of stating, and consequently, only one enonciator, i.e., the narrator. The text preserves only its narrative dimension (second example above), and consequently, the quoted speech loses any syntactic and énonciative autonomy.
Real or fictitious character, the enonciator is always that which states (that which speaks or which writes, in short, that which addresses a word, a speech), that which says “ I, us, my, my, our …” Thus, in the account and in the direct reported speech, to each plan of speech a situation of distinct stating with a distinct enonciator corresponds.
Let us take as example the fable of the Fountain the Corbel and the Fox . Beginning with the end of this one, the Fountain is at the same time author and narrator . With the whole beginning of the text, the Fountain is also enonciator (“ Maître Corbel, on a tree, perched… ”). But when the fox known as: “ He hello, Mister of the Corbel… ”, it acts of a word brought back (to the direct speech), and in this case, the enonciator is indeed the character of the fox, and either the narrator author.
Related subjects
- Speech brought back
- Embrayeur and Mark of stating
- List of the concepts used in Pragmatic linguistics
- Sentence
- Register of language
- Representation
- Syntax
- Analysis of the speech
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