State de São Paulo

Demography

Like all the States of the South of Brazil, the State de São Paulo was populated mainly by European emigrants, primarily Italian, Portuguese and German, and Japanese and Arab of the Middle East.

The ethnicity most with São Paulo are the Italian descendants. There is approximately 15 million Italian descendants living in the State and it is by far greatest Italian concentration in-outside Italy.

The Spanish community is also important with 7 million Spaniard descendants. The Arab population , mainly Christian woman of Lebanese descent or Syria is not of 5 million and the descendants of Germans are approximately 2 million.

The population Brazilian Negro of São Paulo increased during the last decades because of the strong migration coming from Brazil.

More than ten percent of the population has an Asian ascent; much is downward of Japan board. São Paulo with the largest Japanese population in-outside of Japan. The Chinese and the Korea NS are also present.

Geography

Its most populated cities (given official of July 2004) are São Paulo (10 838 581), Guarulhos (1 072 000), Campinas (1 031 887), São Bernardo C Campo (773 099), Osasco (São Paulo) (695 879), Santo Andre (665 923), São Jose back Campos (589 050), Sorocaba (552 194), Ribeirão Preto (542 912), Santos (418 255), Mauá (398 482), São Jose C Rio Preto (398 079), Diadema (383 629), Carapicuíba (375 859), Mogi das Cruzes (359 519), Piracicaba (355 039), Bauru (344 258) and Jundiaí (340 907).

The State has a relatively high altitude since 85% of its territory range between 300 and 900 meters. Rios Tietê, Paranapanema, Large, Turvo, Pardo, C Peixe, Paraíba C Sul and Piracicaba are its principal rivers (see Liste of the rivers of São Paulo) and its varied climate is tropical (North), tropical of altitude (- Valley C Paraíba Is), and subtropical (South area of Apiaí, Itapeva) and the annual average temperature is of 20 ºC. The summer, the maximum and average temperatures, are respectively of 33 and 27 ºC. The winter, the temperatures average and minima are respectively of 14 and 5 ºC.

Economy

The richest state of Brazil, São Paulo has a diversified economy, based on industries Metal-worker-mechanics, of the alcohol and the Sucre, Textile, of the Automobile and the Aviation, by the sectors of services and financial and by the culture of the Canne to sugar and the Café. São Paulo produces approximately 1/3 of Brazilian GDP.

The economic history paulist starts with the cycle of the coffee, which continues until the great crisis of 1929. The decline of the culture of the coffee causes the transfer of the capital towards the industry, which develops thanks to a consuming market and with labor available, and this, to replace the imports.

The most significant increase in industry took place during the mandate of the president Juscelino Kubitschek with auto industry in the area of the Grand ABC (São André, São Bernardo and São Caetano).

Currently, the State is the leader in various sectors of the Brazilian economy, especially in the sector of finances (in the town of São Paulo), in automobile industry de' and of the aviation and in the production of sugar, alcohol and Jus of orange.

History

Discovered and occupation

At the beginning of XVIe century, the littoral paulist was visited by Portuguese and Spanish navigators, but it is only in 1532, that the first settlement appears: São Vicente in the Baixada Santista by Martim Afonso de Sousa.

The search for noble metals led the Portuguese to exceed the Serra C Mar, by old the indigenous way of Peabiru and in 1554 on the plate located after Tightened C Mar, the Spanish Jesuit Jose de Anchieta founded the “Villa” of São Paulo de Piratininga.

Already, at that time, the future territory paulist was divided administratively into two harbor offices: São Vicente with Baixada Santista and the Plate of São Paulo and Santo Amaro with current the Valley of Paraíba and the Northern Littoral.

Until the end of XVIe century, are born from different “villas” like Santo André and Santana de Parnaíba, thus guaranteeing the safety and the survival of the “villa” of São Paulo.

The Bandeiras

Of climate colder than the harbor offices of the North-East, which makes more difficult the culture of the cane to sugar and without indication of presence of noble metals, the economic main activity of São Vicente are them “will bandeiras”, forwardings paulists which started from São Paulo and Santana de Paraiba to traverse the unknown grounds in the search of Or, of invaluable stones and Indiens for the Esclavage.

Two of principal the bandeirantes was Antônio Raposo Tavares and Fernão Dias Pais which moved towards the South arriving at current the Rio Grande C Sul and towards the West traversing the future States of Goiás and Mato Grosso, increasing the Brazilian and exhausting territory tens of thousands of Indians.

The territory paulist was increased in a significant way by the foundation of cities like Jundiaí and Sorocaba, to be used as fulcrum for will bandeiras and by the occupation of the Valley of Paraíba.

In 1681, was formed the harbor office of São Paulo including/understanding the immense territory which extends from the States de São Paulo, Minas Gerais (except the valley of the Rio São Francisco), Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande C Sul, Goiás and Mato Grosso.

The cycle of gold and decline of the Harbor office

At the end of 17th century, bandeirantes paulists discovered gold in the area of the Rio das Mortes, with the proximity of current the São João LED-Rei.

This discovery of immense gold layers caused a race towards the Minas Gerais, as one called, at the time, the many gold deposits found by the explorers coming from São Paulo and other places from the colony.

Like discoverers of the mines, Paulistes wanted the exclusiveness in the exploitation of gold, however they were overcome in 1710 in the Guerre of Emboabas and they lost the control of the Mines thus. The gold extracted the General Mines will be past by Rio de Janeiro.

In compensation, the “Villa” of São Paulo became Cité in 1710.

Throughout the 18th century, the exodus in direction of Minas Gerais, the economic decline of the Harbor office and, the loss of many territories led to its annexation by the Harbor office C Rio de Janeiro.

Restoration and the Province of São Paulo

In 1765, the Harbor office of São Paulo was reinstalled. This reinstalment is done with a third of the original surface, only the Actual positions of São Paulo and of Paraná.

Thus, one founded in the East paulist, the “villas” of Campinas, Itu and Piracicaba, where, quickly, the cane developed with sugar. Sugar was transported by the port of Santos and reached its apogee at the beginning of the 19th century.

The harbor office gains a political weight at the time of independence thanks to the figure of Jose Bonifácio de Andrada E Silva which had been born in Santos. September 13rd 1822, the independence of Brazil was proclaimed on the margins of the Ipiranga river, in São Paulo, by Pierre II.

In 1824, the harbor office was transformed into Province.

The cycle of the coffee

Already in 1817, the first fazenda of coffee of São Paulo had been founded in the Valley of Paraíba and, after Independence, the culture of the coffee was reinforced in these grounds enriching quickly the cities like Guaratinguetá, Bananal, Lorena and Pindamonhangaba.

In the coffee farms of the Valley C Paraiba, the labor slave was used with large scales and the grains were past by Rio de Janeiro. Thus, the Valley grows rich quickly creating a rural Oligarchie but the remainder of the province continued to depend on the cane with sugar and the trade which started to be established in the town of São Paulo; trade supported by the foundation of the Faculty of Law in 1827.

However, the impoverishment of the grounds of the Valley of Paraíba and the problems arising from slavery caused a decline of the culture of the coffee as from 1860. The valley was emptied economically and the culture of the coffee moved towards the West paulist, starting, initially, by the area of Campinas and Itu replacing the culture of the cane with sugar.

The displacement of the coffee towards the West of the province caused great changes. The prohibition of the Trafic of slaves in 1850 obliged to find the new shapes of labor. The imperial and provincial governments started to encourage European immigration.

One built the first railroad paulist to run out the grains by the port of Santos. This railroad, the São Paulo Railway, which connects Santos to Jundiai passing by São Paulo, was built with English capital and those of the Vicomte of Mauá. Currently, it makes leave the suburban grid system of Large São Paulo. The last city before the descent of 800 meters of Tightened, Paranapiacaba, with its houses out of wooden and its copy of Big Ben imported of England was classified like historic building.

São Paulo started to be transformed into important intermediate warehouse.

The coffee progressed little by little passing by Campinas, Rio Claro, São Carlos, Oporto Ferreira and, in 1870, it reached the area most favourable with its culture: red and fertile grounds of of São Paulo close to Ribeirão Preto, where will appear largest and more productive coffee farms of the world.

In the search of new grounds for the coffee, the explorers arrived at the quadrilateral then unknown located between Serras Botucatu, and Rios Paraná, Tietê and Paranapanrma, where they founded cities like Bauru, Marília, Araçatuba and President Prudente at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1853, the current limits of the State are fixed with the separation of Paraná. The South paulist: Valley of Ribeira and the area of Itapeva did not attract the coffee and suffered from the litigations on the limits between São Paulo and Paraná and remained in margin of the development of the becoming remainder of the Province, still currently the poorest areas of the State. In the Valley of Ribeira have harvest especially the Banane, the Fruit of passion and the Chuchu.

Enrichment due to the coffee and the constant arrival of Italian, Portuguese, Spanish immigrants and Arabic in addition to the development of a railway network made the prosperity of the State de São Paulo.

The Republic of “coffee-with-milk”

It is in São Paulo, that the middle-class of the coffee of the West paulist began the first republican movements. Wishing the end of slavery, a greater political participation and a greater autonomy of the provinces, representatives of the elite of the coffee founded in Itu the Republican party Pauliste (PRP) in 1873.

With the proclamation of the Republic in 1889, the middle-class paulist arrived at the political power of the Nation, consolidating this capacity with the election in 1894 of Prudente of Morais to the Presidency of the Republic.

To protect the capacities and the privileges from the men of the coffee, a political system will consolidate the First Republic until 1930. The political agreement of the coffee-with-milk which is an agreement between São Paulo (coffee) and Minas Gerais (milk) which was the State more populated at the time envisages alternation between the two States for the Presidency.

A great growth of the city of São Paulo is due to the coffee, a relative political stability and a constant immigration. The elite built new districts and invests its benefit in bankings and industrial. The immigrants were established in districts like Brás and Mooca and formed a working class there. The old “villa” of the plate quickly was transformed into great industrial and commercial center.

Industrialization and the transformation into metropolis

After the First World War, the coffee started to suffer from the excess of offer and the competition of other countries. The government put under control the cultures to avoid the crises and the farms, the former immigrants who worked there were in São Paulo where they became workmen.

Political pressures appeared to finish some with domination of the elite of the coffee paulista and movements artistic as “the Week of 1922” propagated new social and economic ideas. External immigration started to decrease and of the anarchistic and communist strikes burst in São Paulo while industrial empires as that of Matarazzo were formed.

In 1930, the coffee suffered much crisis with the Crise from 1929. The price collapse external of the grain and the revolution of 1930 withdrew the capacity of the hands of Paulistes.

Two years later, in 1932, São Paulo fought Getúlio Vargas during the Révolution Constitutionnaliste, in an attempt to recover the lost capacity, but was beaten militarily. The crisis of the coffee increased and the rural migration towards the town of São Paulo developed.

The Second world war stopped the imports and industry paulist began a movement of substitution of the imports, producing in the State the imported goods before that. This movement continued under the government of Juscelino Kubitschek, which launched the bases of the motor-car industry in the area of the Grand ABC.

To obtain labor necessary, the State accommodated million people of not coming mainly from the States of Bahia, Ceará, Pernambouc and Paraiba to take the place, as workmen, of the immigrants who form part of the middle-class paulist now. These newcomers settled in the periphery of São Paulo and the cities close like Osasco and Guarulhos. This fast increase in the population caused a transformation into metropolis where São Paulo was joined territorialement by the close cities to form the Metropolitan region of São Paulo.

In 1960, the city of São Paulo became more the big city of Brazil and the principal economic pole of the country, preceding Rio de Janeiro.

Industrialization of the interior of the State and economic abandonment

During the decades of 1960 and 1970, the government of the State encouraged various work to help the economy of the interior emptied since the fall of the coffee in 1930.

The opening and the duplication of Via Dutra (BR-116) recovered and industrialized the Valley of Paraíba, and this, around the aircraft industry of São Jose back Campos.

Towards the West, the establishment of the international airport of Viracopos, the creation of the Unicamp (University of Campinas), the opening of roads like the Via Anhanguera and the use of modern technologies of production, especially of cane-with-sugar and its by-product combustible alcohol involved a fresh progress of the areas of Campinas, São Carlos, Sorocaba and Ribeirão Preto.

This economic recovery of the interior paulist intensified starting from the Années 1980 when many urban problems like violence, pollution and the disordered occupation afflicted the Metropolitan region with São Paulo. Between 1989 and 2000, most of the investments was carried out apart from the capital in particular on the axis between Campinas, São Carlos, Ribeirão Preto and São Jose back Campos. The Metropolitan region becomes a pole of services and finances.

Currently, São Paulo has the principal economic, political pole and industrialist of South America and is the largest market of consumption C Brazil.

Municipalities of the State de São Paulo

to see List of the municipalities of the State de São Paulo

Transport

São Paulo is the State which has more the great system of transport of the Latin America composed of roads, of sea and river port, airport, river transport, railroads. The town of São Paulo has a subway and a system of suburban trains.

See: the railway network of São Paulo

Administrative division

Since 1970, by successive laws of the State were created and modified the administrative areas in order to centralize the activity of the Secretariats of State which are the ministries for the States.

See the List of the administrative areas of the State de São Paulo

Government and policy

The governor of the State is Jose Serra (PSDB) since the 1st January 2007.

Like other areas of Brazil, the policy of São Paulo is between the hands of the Partido back Trabalhadores (Pt) and of the Parti Social Democrat Brazilian (PSDB). These two parties occurred with São Paulo.

Among the local politicians we have: Jose Tightened (PSDB), Geraldo Alckmin (PSDB), Jose Anibal (PSDB), Antonio Palocci (Pt), Eduardo Suplicy (Pt), Aloísio Mercadante (Pt), Marta Suplicy (Pt), Romeu Tuma (Parti the liberal face).

The last two Brazilian presidents Fernando Henrique Cardoso (PSDB) and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (Pt), live in São Paulo.

A series of attacks made 170 died (including 38 members of the police force) between the night of the May 12th and the May 16th 2006 with Sao Paulo and in its area. These attacks aimed at the police force of the State as well as fire stations. They were arribuées with the Organized crime, in particular with the " First commando of the capital " (PCC). They would constitute reprisals with the transferring of several Prison niers towards penal establishments of high security. They were accompanied besides by several Mutinerie S. Between the 11 and on July 15th, 2006, 106 attacks were perpetrated against of the courts, the supermarkets, the banks, the buses and the police stations of the State: these acts of violence are the new ones allotted to the PCC.

Governor

Jose Tightened (PSDB)

federal Senators

Aloizio Mercadante - Pt
Eduardo Suplicy - Pt
Romeu Tuma - PFL

See too

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