the article relating to the French State , (official name of the French administration under the Mode of Vichy), is consultable here: French State (Mode of Vichy) .

In France, the word “ State ” has two often confused but actually distinct significances:

• In certain contexts, “the State” indicates the whole of the public authorities of national level: capacities legislative, executive and legal (it is in the sense that the President of the Republic is the “Head of the State” since it takes care of the good performance of these various capacities; it is also in the sense that the State legislates or that it engages on the international scene).

• For the Public accounts, “the State” indicates a Community, i.e. a Moral person of public Droit, which has a national dimension contrary to the territorial collectivities and which constitutes the administrative tool available to the Executive power incarnated by the government (one will say thus that the State pays civils servant, finances projects, signs from the contracts, etc). As a community, the State is directed by the Prime Minister and the ministers. Its administration is cut out in ministries. It ensures the supervision of public corporations. It lays out of a public office. This use of the " term; État" is most current, and most rigorous.

It is often said that “the State is the only community which holds the competence of its own competence”. In fact, the State, as a supreme national authority (direction n^o 1), with the possibility of delimiting competences of the State-community (direction n^o 2).

History

August 1st

Installation

The State gradually sets up around the first frank kings.

Reinforcement of the role of the State

The reign of Louis XIV will vera the apogee of the absolutism. The quotation lent to Louis XIV, “I am the State”, is however false.

The Welfare state, and the creation of the public administrations

See also: French Public administrations

Since 1945, the State in France became extensive sometimes considered to be disproportionate. Under the pressure of the Communism S within the provisional government (1944-1946), the État-providence replaced a more liberal State, less implied in economic operation. At the exit of the war, many companies are been nationalized.

After the election of François Mitterrand in 1981, the incursion of the State into the economic sphere was still reinforced (see common Programme). Since, the privatizations gradually reduce control on the economic Production. France remains one of the States of the world the most regulated, and the weight of the Public expenditure is very important there.

In 2004, the Taxes and social security deduction thus account for 44% of the value produced by the French citizens. Under the influence of the economic Mondialisation, the countries are more and more in economic Concurrence, and the French State, “this obese that we believe muscular” obère sometimes economic operation.

Organization of the State

In France, the French Republic is organized into different moral persons from public Droit, of which

• under the direct control of the Government, directed by the Prime Minister: the French central Public administration (the whole Executive power, except obvious for the presidency of the Republic , which controls the government) and, under the reserve of some small guarantees of independence for the judges of the seat, the judicial Power. The administrations, itself, are divided into Ministère S, which themselves are divided into central services , in decentralized services (operations practical whose competence is fixed on a territory: department, area), and in services with national competence (i.e., of the service decentralized from which competence extends to all the territory)

• two assemblies, the senate and the National Assembly;
• the territorial collectivities, and their regroupings (see Intercommunalité)
• an almost innumerable quantity of public corporations (EPST, EPIC, EPA, etc), under the supervision of administrations or of the communities. Certain establishments can even control companies of private law.

The president of the Republic it Head of the State, takes care of the good performance of these various capacities, and ensures the unit of the unit.

According to the context, the word " State " a part where less wide of this unit will indicate more (of the only administration under the control of the government, to the very whole Republic, by adding one not assemblies, communities, etc). One can even add to it, in certain cases, of the organizations of private law, as those which manage the Social security.

On the historical level, only the period of the Régime of Vichy (which carried besides for official name “French State”) poses some problems of continuity of the State, compared to the various modes which followed one another.

Today, the distribution of competences between the various entities is fixed by a text of suitable level

• only the Constitution, supplemented organic laws, can fix competences of the government, assemblies; to this level competence belongs in theory to the very whole Nation, which can exert it by way of Referendum, however the state can act in practice on itself, to a certain extent (by the parliamentary way of revision of the constitution, and by the installation of the organic laws);
• a Loi can fix competences of the associations of communes, public corporations;
• a decree in Council of State is necessary to fix the broad outlines of the organization of the administration;
• the details within each moral person are fixed by Décret S, Arrêté S or " décisions" ;
• the administrative jurisprudence (where the Council of State the doctrines exert, by its judging function in last spring), specifies the details or résoud contradictions, sometimes by calling upon the concept of " large principes" (i.e., elements of interpretation that the council deduces supremely from the laws considered as important)

The distribution of competences and the adopted legal form can vary during time. Currently, and since the end of the 21st century, one observes a centrifugal general movement, where administrations of state are transformed into public corporations (the word " agence" being especially with the mode) even in companies private (example: France Telecom), or transferred to the territorial collectivities. Nevertheless and not to simplify the things, the personnel concerned can remain civil servant of the one of the three public office (of state, territorial or hospital).

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