Sprinklor

A system of sprinkleurs or sprinklers (of English to sprinkle : to sprinkle), or jets , is an installation of automatic extinction fixed functioning with water (or with products dissolved in water).

History

Explosives magazines;
Warehouses of cotton in the USA;
Creation of the first fire protection installation in 1800;
Creation of the first sprinkler out of metal matter by Emil TYDEN in 1897, replaced later by the current sprinkler with a bulb out of glass.

Principles and implementation

Principles

An installation of sprinkler makes it possible to protect from the people and the goods against the risk Incendie. Its implementation automatic makes it operative day and night.

The three basic functions of an installation are of:

To detect an incipient fire;
Alarm R;
To contain an incipient fire (even to extinguish it).

The sprinklage consists in releasing as soon as possible a quantity of water adapted to the disaster dreaded on a zone where a beginning of fire is detected. Watering is maintained to contain the Feu until the intervention of the Secours and manual closing of the Vanne S.

When a fire occurs, the Chaleur released rises and reaches one of the heads of sprinkler distributed on the ceiling. Under the effect of heat, the bulb or the Fusible which maintains the head closed is destroyed. The permanent Pression of the drain on which the head is posed releases through the head, thus sprinkling the ignited zone. The fall of pressure caused by the opening of the head will lead the Pompe S to enter in action to maintain the pressure and the water supply of the head. This decrease in pressure actuates a gong Hydraulique which gives alarm (with a reference on a power station of alarm sets fire to). If the fire is not at this not controlled stage, the increase in heat emission involves the opening of additional heads. No human monitoring is thus required, if is not to stop the installation after extinction of fire (by the sprinkler or the helps).

The system effectiveness rests on a perfect adequacy enters, on the one hand, the Débit of the heads, them Densité of establishment and the water resources available, on the other hand, the nature of the protected goods (calorific Potentiel and Input rating, Propagation velocity, solid, Liquide or gas…) and their mode of storage. The major part of the cases where the installation of sprinklage failed comes out from acts of Malveillance or a going beyond of the storage capacities envisaged with the design.

Envisaged to contain the fire, the sprinklers arrive, according to the experience feedback, to extinguish the fire which started them. An extinguishing system using of the heads of the type ESFR (Early Suppression Fast Answer) will be conceived to extinguish a fire, its implementation delicate could be done only in buildings having an adequate architecture.

Statistics

The statistics show that 80% of the fires are controlled or extinguished with less than 5 sprinklers; 95% of the starting points of fire are controlled by the installation sprinkler and the 5% of failures remaining due to the reasons are quoted previously.

Generally accepted ideas exist on the sprinklers. Certain films let think that to approach a source of heat of a head of sprinkler would start the entirety of the heads present in the building of office which shelters them. However in reality, apart from very particular industrial facilities (systems flood), each head is independent and brings water only on the ignited zone.

Certain industrialists fear also the effect of water on their technical storages or their installations (Machine-outil, Informatique…). The sprinkler starting only in the event of proven fire and with the top of the zone on fire, one can consider that a touched apparatus is already a not-value from the countable point of view. Moreover, the Décontamination of the apparatuses having undergone damage of water is a known and perfectly controlled operation if she is ordered quickly.

Implementation

The elements which take part in the operation of the sprinkler are the following.

Sources of water (pumps + reserves)

Pumps

In accordance with the standards applied the number of pumps can change into standard APSAD one will find in the majority of the cases:

1 standard pump, said to limited autonomy (feeds 5 Heads during 30 minutes);
1 pump B autonomous (Feeds maximum theoretical output during 1:30 at 2 a.m.) (except ESFR 1 hour);
1 pump jockey which maintains the network in pressure (approximately 8 to 10 bars).

Reserves

Those Ci can be built or in the majority of the metal cases air:

Reserve principal: from 200 with more than 1000 m;
Reserve said “limited” (APSAD): 30 or 50 Mr.

The network of sprinkler can, in certain cases, being connected to the water supply network of city. In this case, the principle is to make sure that network says it can feed: the installation of sprinklage, the Hydrant S usable by the first-aid organizations (P.I., RIA, water curtains…) and current needs for the served geographical sector.

Checkpoints

Post office water;
Station glycol (water);
Station under air;
alternate Station (air/water passage under air when there is risk of freezing of the installation);
Poste in standard Préaction has or B;
Station flood (it is him which controls the open heads).

Pipings

the diagrid (after the station);
antennas (piping or are screwed the heads sprinkler).
candles of the head to the antenna

Heads of sprinkler

Types of heads

Spray upright only;
Spray during only;
Conventional upright/during (less and less used);
mural Heads;
Heads ESFR (warehouse of logistics);
Heads ELO;
Heads large drops;
Heads with wide cover;
Sprinkleur with flat jet (see heading sprinklor).

Temperatures of release

Of 57 with 343°C.

Most current being of 68°C (red Bulb)

Particular installations

ESFR (warehouses of storage);
Large Drops (storage of rolls of paper amongst other things);
Water spray;
Additive: type AFFF (low expansion) or " mouillants".

Legislation and standard

The United States of America

Rules Factory Mutual;
NFPA 13 “Normalizes installation of the systems sprinkleurs”.

France

Standard NF IN 12845 (Lawful for the establishments receiving of the public of more than 3000m ², the I.G.H., carparks etc);
specifically French Rule APSAD R1 (80% of the market in France);
Rules NFPA (13 - 20 - 30…); American standard being used as international standard, increasingly used in France on the industrial sites;
Règles published by the insurer Total FM which is derived from rules NFPA.
Standard NFS 62-210 (replaced by standard NF INTO 12845).

The large companies installatrices of sprinkleurs

QIM www.qim-incendie.com
AIRESS z.fidailate@airess-incendie.com
ROCK'N'ROLL Undertaken (http:/www.rock-entreprise.com/ www.rock-entreprise.com)
TPI (Tunzini Protection Fire, group VINCI)
PROTEC FIRE (group VINCI)
LPI (Lefort Protection fire, group VINCI)
AXIMA (SUEZ group)
AAI (Atlantic automatism sets fire to, independent company)
RODIO Joseph (independent company) www.rodioj.com
TYCO MADE (ex MATHER & PLATT) www.tycofis.fr
CLF - SATREM (group CLF) www.clf-satrem.com
CLF - CFPI (group CLF)
ATSI (independent company)
MINIMAX France SAS (group MINIMAX) www.minimax.de

To have the complete listing of the fitters of sprinkleurs, it is possible to consult the site of CNPP.

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