Soviet socialist republic kazakhe

The Soviet socialist Republic kazakhe (in Kazakh: ҚазақСоветтікСоциалистікРеспубликасы - Qazaq Sovettik Sotsialistik Respoublikasy; in Russian: КазахскаяСоветскаяСоциалистическаяРеспублика - Kazakhskaïa Sovetskaïa Sotsialistitcheskaïa Respoublika) was one of the 15 republics members of the Soviet Union. It was founded the December 5th 1936 and dissolved the December 10th 1991. Its territory corresponds to that of current République of the Kazakhstan, independent since the December 16th 1991.

Political organization

As for the other Soviet socialist republics, the organization of the state is a counterpart on a lower level of that of the the USSR

The Supreme Soviet of the RSS kazakhe (only one room, contrary to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union which is Bicaméral) is elected for four years. It is composed of a deputy for 27.000 inhabitants. When the Supreme Soviet is not joined together in session, the capacity is exerted by the Præsidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSS kazakhe, counterpart local of the Præsidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR whose members are elected by the Supreme Soviet.

The the Council of Ministers promulgates the laws of the RSS kazakhe.

On the level of the Union, the RSS Kazakhe is represented by 32 deputies with the Soviet of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

Population

Because of several strong waves of migration towards the RSS Kazakhe coming from the other Soviet republics, and mainly of Russia, the population of the RSS Kazakhe more than doubled in about thirty years:

1940 : 6.148.000 inhabitants
1959: 9.295.000 inhabitants
1970: 13.009.000 inhabitants

For this same reason, the RSS Kazakhe was only Soviet republics whose population éponyme, in fact the Kazakh , was not majority on its own territory. She was also the only republic where no ethnicity represented the Absolute majority of the population. In 1970, Kazakhstan counted 5.522.000 Russian , 4.234.000 Kazakh , 933.000 Ukrainian, like many other minorities including 288.000 Tatares, 216.000 Uzbek , 198.000 Belorusse , 121.000 Ouïghours, etc The populations Slavic, Russian, Ukrainian and Belorusse, which formed together almost half of the inhabitants of the republic, were primarily concentrated in the cities (Alma-ATA, Karaganda, Oust-Kamenogorsk) and in the septentrional part of the republic. The Kazakh ones represented especially the rural and southernmost section of the population.

History

Birth of the RSS kazakhe

The December 5th 1936, at the time of the adoption of the third Constitution of the the USSR, the autonomous Soviet socialist Republic kazakhe, until attached there to the Soviet federative socialist Republic of Russia, becomes a Soviet socialist republic with whole share under the name of Soviet socialist République kazakhe.

The “patriotic Great War”

The June 22nd 1941, the Nazi Germany penetrates on the territory of the USSR which between thus in the Second world war. More than one million inhabitants of Kazakhstan (on a population of 6.250.000 inhabitants, at the beginning of the war) will join the Red Army during the conflict. Because of the distance which separates the republic from the German face, this one accommodates many evacuated companies of the Western areas of the Soviet Union. The Muscovite movie studios Mosfilm are also transferred to Alma-ATA (Sergueï Eisenstein turns Ivan the Terrible there). These displacements are accompanied by the arrival of more than 400.000 people, of European origin for the majority. However, the factories and the farms of Kazakhstan turn thoroughly to support the effort of war with the assistance essential of the women, a great number of men having been sent to the face.

In parallel, a great number of suspected or shown populations sympathy to the German invader are off-set in Kazakhstan (and to a lesser extent in Ouzbékistan) in order to be far away from the enemy lines. In 1943, the German of Russia, the Tchétchènes, the Ingouches, the Tatars of the Crimea, the Korean of the coast Pacifique (defendants of collusion with the Japanese) are off-set in Central Asia and in Kazakhstan. The deportations of whole populations will continue even after the war (displacement of the Greeks of Georgia in 1949). After the death of Joseph Stalin, certain people will turn over in their country of origin (majority of Tchétchènes, for example) but much will remain in Kazakhstan. These massive displacements of populations partly explain the large ethnic variety of Kazakhstan.

The Perestroika in Kazakhstan

The March 11th 1985, Mikhaïl Gorbatchev becomes General secretary of PCUS. It attacks quickly with the corruption and the opposition to progress of the leaders of Kazakhstan (and besides). A great number of dignitaries of the RSS Kazakhe are dislocated their functions. The December 16th 1986, DIN-Muhammed Kunaev, the General secretary of the Communist party of Kazakhstan, in station for twenty-two years, has been replaced by Guennadi Kolbin. This decision is perceived by the many Kazakh ones like an interference of the central capacity and like an affront because Kunaev, of origin kazakhe, was popular in the republic. Its replacement by Kolbin, a Russian not having any bond with Kazakhstan, starts as of the shortly after the demonstration with Alma-ATA, then in other cities, demonstrations which become soon riots and are severely repressed. After independence, one will make these events, known as of Jeltoqsan (" décembre" into Kazakh), the symbol of the national rebirth kazakhe.

Great projects led to Soviet Kazakhstan

The shortly after the war, in fact the RSS Kazakhe is chosen by the Soviet authorities like place of experimentation Nucléaire. The nuclear Polygon of Semipalatinsk , vast site devoted to research and the nuclear tests is created in 1948 in the east of the republic. Several hundreds of nuclear tests will take place there into full atmosphere until in 1964, then under ground until in 1989. The site of Semipalatinsk is at the origin of the greatest medical and ecological catastrophe of the country. The tests were all the more harmful for close pubic health that those were by no means informed risks which they incurred.

In 1954, Nikita Khrouchtchev, which succeeded Stalin with the head of PCUS, lance the Campagne of the virgin lands , a vast program aiming at improving the Soviet agricultural production by the clearing and the setting in culture of the not exploited grounds. The countryside is launched in Siberia, in the Altaï, the the Ural and the north of Kazakhstan. Approximately two million volunteers, the Russian majority of origin, comes to be established in this last area to take share with the clearing. With beginning of the year 60, following the various waves of immigration, the Kazakh ones do not represent even any more one third of the population of Kazakhstan. The Countryside of the virgin lands, if it makes it possible to increase in a considerable way the agricultural production, will have however fatal consequences on the grounds of the steppe kazakhe which, too fragile, will become exhausted and will be degraded rather quickly. Lastly, it is as in Kazakhstan as was inaugurated the February 2nd 1955 the Cosmodrome de Baïkonour . Conceived at the beginning as a simple base of tests for ballistic missiles, it will become then universally known as the track of launching of the Fusée Vostok in which Youri Gagarine will achieve the first flight of a man in space (April 12th 1961). The cosmodrome of Baïkonour, although located at Kazakhstan, is since the bursting of the USSR managed by Russia.

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