The sound concept of pollution generally gathers sound Nuisance S caused by various sources, whose consequences can go from a momentary embarrassment, but repeated with serious effects on the Santé, quality of life and/or over the operation of the ecosystem S.
The noise is the first source of Plainte S and one of the first sources of conflicts, with work, between neighbors, communities and users. Of the close relation Ultrasound with the Infrason, a broad range wavelengths can cause pathological consequence or Stress, according to the intensity, the exposure time and the sensitivity of the person or the exposed animal.
Most of the world urban population is confronted with sound Nuisance S, and in particular the residents of roads, railways, airports, ports and certain factories or zones of activity. The neighbors of discotheques, attended crossroads, etc are it too.
Le noise is one of the first causes of individual complaints in Europe. Several great associations were formed around airports to fight against noise levels considered to be by them unbearable.
When it exceeds the level of the simple harmful effect and that it can affect the auditive acuteness, health, the ecosystems (via the disturbance of fauna) one speaks about sound Pollution.
A study financed by the Ile-de-France area related to 30 communes of this area, exposed to varied levels of noises. According to its conclusions (analyzes anonymous questionnaires of 4.400 patients followed by 78 general doctors of these communes), published Wednesday, September 26, 2007 show that noise exposure is associated in this panel at the higher risk of arterial hypertension at the men, hospitalization and sick leave among women, in anxious states and a auagmentée consumption of drugs at the two sexes. The difference is strong at the men from 40 to 69 years, concerning the blood-pressure (the catch of drug is 5,6 times more frequent when the residence is flown over by planes passing to less than 1.000 meters). At the same age, the women take approximately 10 times more the anxiolytiques ones and antidepressants when their housing is close to a " not noir" railway. Strong correlations between noise exposure and the disorders of the appetite and the sleep also appear. This study requires deepening to determine the share of the noise or pollution or other stresses associated with the source with the noise. This area requires the prohibition of 11 p.m. the air flights of 6 a.m. in Roissy, and Orly.
Sources
Sound pollution and noise pollutions can have multiple causes:
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the air traffic and the Airport S;
- specific mechanical Sources (machines, factories…) ;
- other approved mobile mechanical sources (Circulation of cars, horns, trucks, trains, operations…), possibly nonin conformity with the legislation (80 dB): cars, scooters, dirt bike, pit-bike, motor bikes, Mobylettes, jet ski;
- Work and specific or durable Building site S (careers); public
- In a very relative way, demonstrations and events (specific or more rarely durable);
- animal Sources (barkings, noises resulting from breedings, refuges, etc);
- Vicinity (bad soundproofing of the buildings), noises of mowers;
- inopportune Alarms;
- Mobile phones, in the classrooms, at the time of conferences, talks, concerts. ;
- badly regulated Walkmen, in the public transport…
- shouted voices, in opposition to the conversational or sung voices.
Worsening factors
- defect of Soundproofing, absence of walls anti-noises
- materials phonically reverberating (reflecting), which can in certain cases expose to the noise of the buildings or zones which would normally not be it.
- auditive over-sensitiveness.
Consequences
One can distinguish the immediate causes (for example, the loss of temporary acuity) and the indirect causes on the long run.
The effects on health are also variable and can be more or less serious:
Moreover, consequences rise on the ecosystems and the animal species: depopulation, reduction of the habitat, mortality of the whales and other Cetacea…
Legislations
The legislations of many countries impose restrictions on the sound intensity whose maximum threshold can depend on the hours. Particular measures can be taken (for example, sound volume at the time of a concert). Descriptive international appears (of which the panel " Silence hôpital" was precursory)
French regulation
The Norme NFS 30001 defines the noise as a “acoustic phenomenon producing an auditive feeling considered as unpleasant or awkward. ”
Labor regulation
The decree n° 2006-892 of July 19th, 2006 makes sure that the European directive 2003/10/CE of February 6th, 2003 on the noise with work applies well in French right.
This decree introduced in law the labor French following points:
A new section was added in the labor regulation - section X made up of the articles with which replace the articles R 232-8 with R 232-129-7.
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:
87 dB (A) (before 90dB (A)) - acoustic pressure of peak: 140 dB (C). This value takes account of the attenuation ensured by the individual auditive protectors worn by the worker.
Value of exposure starting the preventive action:
80 dB (A) (before 85dB (A)) - acoustic pressure of peak: 135 dB (C). This value should not take account of the attenuation ensured by the individual auditive guards.
It is also specified a value of higher exposure starting of the complementary preventive measures which is fixed at 85 dB (A) or 137 dB (C) of acoustic pressure of peak.
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with: Obligation with the load of the employer the general principles of prevention are respected (), individual protections are a measurement of last recourse.
The employer carries out a measuring every 5 years and where necessary.
When the values of exposure reach 85 dB (A): the employer sets up a technical or organisational program for the reduction of the exposure. The places are marked out and the access is limited as far as possible
The personnel particularly sensitive to the noise will be the subject of particular measures in connection with the company doctor (expectant mothers, poisons chemical for hearing…
From 80 dB (A) the employer must provide individual auditive protections From 85 dB (A) the employer makes sure that these protection are actually carried
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: medical supervision.
When the monitoring of the employees identifies a hearing damage, the company doctor appreciates the relation with the work context and the worker is informed. If the bond with work is proven, the employer must re-examine the evaluation of the risks and the preventive measures against the noise.
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: exemptions
There exists a possibility of exemption in these articles (nature of work, risks at the time of the port of protections. The factory inspectorate grants these exemptions. The employer must justify the circumstances of this request for exemption with the opinion of the CHSCT, Of union delegate and of the company doctor. The exemption is accompanied by guarantees minima to ensure the staff safety. It is one duration of 1 renewable year.
A place is made in the decree for our friends musicians and the personnel working in the noise which is intended to divert which profits from a time until February 13rd, 2008 to apply this decree.
Noise related to transport
The Studies of environment of a road project are obligatory for the projects exceeding a certain threshold of cost, including noise pollutions and measurements of attenuation (anti-noise Mur, fitted absorbing part of the noise and it limiting, deceleration or diversion of the circuation, etc). The vehicles should not emit more noise than than authorizes the law.
See too
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sound Pollution, Noise pollution, Buzz, anti-noise Wall, Protections_auditives
- Road HQE, Fifteenth target HQE, Fence HQE
- Fragmentation écopaysagère, ecological Roadkill
- Network, ecological Integrity, green Screen,
- Ecology of the landscape, biological Biodiversity
- Corridor, Cartography of the biological corridors, écoduc
External bonds
- the Québécois Regrouping Against the Noise
- Noise pollutions of the air traffic and the airports
- Committee of the victims of the noise, association law 1901 chaired by Thierry Ottaviani,
- NOISY - Québécois Bulletin on the environmental noise and in work environment
- noise Page of the Gate of the public services of health at the work of Quebec
- Practical informations, on the site www.sos-bruit.com,
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