Solar eruption
A solar eruption is a paramount event of the activity of the Sun. It occurs on the surface of the Photosphère and projects through the Chromosphère a matter jet ionized which is lost in the crown to hundreds of thousands of km of altitude. In addition to the particles and cosmic rays, the eruption is accompanied by an intense radiation (UV, x-rays, etc) which disturbs the radioelectric transmissions terrestrial (Magnetic storm) and causes the appearance of the polar lights.
The first solar eruption observed was it by the British astronomer Richard Carrington, on September 1st 1859, when it noted the appearance of a very luminous spot on the surface of the Sun which will perdura during 5 minutes.
Classification
The solar eruptions are classified in various categories according to the maximum intensity of their flow (in Watt S by Mètre S squares, W/m 2 ) in the band of X-radiations from 1 to 8 Ångström in the vicinity of the ground (in general, measured by one of the satellites of the program GOES).
The various classes are named has, B, C, M and X. Each class corresponds to an solar eruption of an intensity ten times more important than the preceding one, where class X corresponds to the solar eruptions having an intensity of 10 -4 W/m 2 . Within the same class, the solar eruptions are classified from 1 to 10 according to a linear scale (thus, an solar eruption of X2 class is twice more powerful than an eruption of X1 class, and 4 times more powerful than an eruption of M5 class).
Two of the most powerful solar eruptions were recorded by the satellites of program GOES the August 16th 1989 and the April 2nd 2001. They were of class X20 (2 mW/m 2 ). They however were exceeded by an eruption of the the November 4th 2003, most important ever recorded and categorized between X40 and X50 (either between 4 mW/m 2 and 5 mW/m 2 ).
Most powerful of the solar eruptions observed during the last five centuries is probably that of September 1859, observed by the British astronomer Richard Carrington. This eruption would have left traces in the ices of the Greenland in the form of Nitrate S and of Béryllium -10, which made it possible to evaluate its power of it.
Induced risks
The solar eruptions can cause waves of visible Moreton from the surface of the Ground.
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