Socialist anarchism

The socialist anarchism is a Idéologie and a movement Politique aiming on the one hand to the abolition of the State and the Capitalisme, considered as two indissociable forms of oppression, and on the other hand with the introduction of a levelling, lightened company antisocial principles of the private property and institutions of the type official, and based on self-management and the individual responsibility.

Anarchism and Anti-capitalist

Socialist anarchism is also called movement Libertaire or libertarian Socialisme. Its partisans call it simply Anarchisme. By its will of social transformation, socialist anarchism forms integral part of the Socialisme of which it incarnates the libertarian tendency. Its partisans do not recognize and reject the libertarianism (of which the Anarchist-capitalism) because being simply liberalism antietatic, this Anarchist-capitalism rejecting only the authority of the State while accepting the authorities " freely consenties" , with the economic plan especially.

Libertarian socialism gathers a whole of approaches political which aim at establishing an free society of any political hierarchy, social and economic - a company from where any institution coercive, repressive, authoritative or forces is excluded, and in which any person would have an free access and equal to all the resources of information and production, - or a company in which such institutions would be to the minimum reduced. This equality and this freedom would be carried out mainly through the abolition of the institutions of authority on the one hand, and the private property on the other hand. , so that the direct control of the Moyens of production is held by the whole of the working class. Socialist anarchism preaches in that the identification, the criticism and the practical dismantling of any authority, conceived like illegitimate in all the aspects of the social life. As the socialist anarchists consider as " the exercise of the capacity in some form institutional, that it is economic, political, religious or sexual - fact as much violence with that which exerts it and that which it subit".

Whereas the majority of the socialist movements insist on the role of the State in the defense of freedom and social justice, the socialist anarchists misent on the European Public Service Union, the assemblies citizens, the town councils and the local government agencies, and other types of federations not-official and decentralized by nature.

Commonly described political philosophies as close to socialist anarchism include several types of anarchism (of which the anarchism collectivist, the Anarcho-syndicalisme and certain forms of individualistic Anarchisme), of mutualism, social ecology, and Communisme of councils (or even the Communisme itself, as described by Karl Marx or Lénine like later stage of the Socialisme). The terms anarchistic Communism and Communisme libertarien should not be regarded as synonyms of socialist anarchist. Certain researchers use the socialist term of anarchism as synonym of Anarchisme.

In the context of the European socialist movement, the anarchists are often held like the opponents with the state socialism, position incarnated especially by a Michel Bakounine in front of the growing authoritarianism of the Communism Marxism. An anarchism of right-hand side moreover developed later in the line of the writings of a max Stirner, tendency represented in the United States by the powerful movement libertarien, which proceeds basically of a capitalist philosophy radicalized until a thought anti-state control as constitutional (the candidate with presidential the 2008 Ron Paul belongs to the political current duly represented like such on the other side of the Atlantic). The anarchistic socialism preached by the European libertarian left is distinguished some radically while calling basically with the pooling from the Moyens from production, this without the intermediary of an official institution, but from the point of view resolutely collectivist for the company, diametrically opposite in that with the individualistic paradigm and productivist suitable for the philosophical tradition of the thought of right-hand side, whether it is American or European. As Noam Chomsky underlines it, " a coherent libertarian must oppose the private property means of production and the sauvagarie inherent in the system that it implique"

Socialist anarchism is an ideology prone to various interpretations, but whose pool aims at a distribution of the resources between the workers from the point of view fundamentally different from those for the capitalism. The anarchistic economic theory proceeds of the optimal conjunction of individual freedoms and the minimal concentration of the capacity or the authority. The libertarian Socialists having a strong aversion of coercion in all its forms, they are often led to preach anarchism as only possible constitutional form within a genuine democratic framework. The political options are conceived to decentralize the economic and political capacity as well as possible, in general by implying collectivization with large scales of the means of production. The socialist anarchists challenge the legitimacy of the majority of the forms of private property economically meaning as much as they regard the relations of properties and capital as forms of contrary domination to the principle of an individual freedom conceived like sovereign. In a bearing chapter on socialist anarchism, the radical economist Robin Hahnel thus presents the greatest period of influence of anarchistic socialism like extending from the end of the XIXème century until the first four decades of the XXème century:

" At the beginning of the XXème century, anarchistic socialism was a force as powerful as the social-democracy or Communism. The International Anarchist of St-Imier founded with the congress of St-Imier a few days after separation between Marxists and anarchists with the congress of $the Hague of 1872 will perdura like forces activates, in front of the Communists and the social democrats, by durably federating various energies activists socialist anti-capitalists, revolutionists, trade unions of workers and political parties during more than one half-century. The socialist anarchists will have thus played an important role in the Russian revolutions of 1905 and 1917. The anarchists soialists also played a paramount role in the Mexican revolution of 1911. Twenty years after the end of the First World War, the anarchistic Socialists were still rather powerful so that the greatest revolution against the capitalism succeeds which one saw with the social revolution whose the object made Spain of 1936 and 1937. ”

Anti-capitalism

See also: Anti-capitalism

The socialist anarchists pose that when the capacity is exerted, in term of an economic, social influence or physics of an individual on another, his legitimation falls to the authority holder of the capacity which will have consequently to justify its actions as them contravene individual freedom.

The anarchistic Socialists consider that any social structure should be developed by individuals having an equal share to be able décisionnaire, the accumulation of the economic or political capacity in the hands of some necessarily harming the free exercise of the individual freedom of the majority of the individuals of a given group.

To say it differently, when capitalist principles (just like those of the " libertarianisme" north-amércain) concentrate the economic capacity in the hands of which has more the large capital, socialist anarchism a contrario aims at redistributing the capacity equitably, and leaving freedom, between the various members of the social body. A key difference, for this reason, between libertariens of right-hand side and anarchists of left is that those consider that the degree of freedom of each one is affected by the associated economic capacity, when the first estimate that freedom exists only in entrepreneurial term and reduce the political creativity to freedom to undertake with the purely economic direction.

The socialist anarchists estimate that if freedom must be developed, then the company must work with a system in which the individuals have a plenary capacity as much with the political plan that with the economic plan. The anarchistic Socialists seek with susbstituer with arbitrary authority the Direct democracy, the Liberté of associaton and the of expression, the Autonomie of the populations in all the fields of the life, the Autogestion being promoted finally like universal system of organization, in the communal plan (political) as in the trade-union or federative plan (economy). The pluparts of the anarchistic movements assert that the trade unions and federations of workers should manage the industrial infrastructures, and that the workers should directly be able to enjoy the individual product of their work. For this reason, one distinguishes between the concept of private property and that of individual possession . Where the private proprity authorizes the individual and exclusive control of a good, that this one is of use or not , and this independently of its productive potential, the individual possession does not guarantee as for it any right concerning the goods not used . A document of title authorizes its holder to withdraw his good from the collective use, or, if it wishes it, to require payment against its use: the concept of individual possession is not compatible, when with it, with this d'" type; extorsion" or d'" exploitation".

Opposition to the State

See also: Antiétatisme

Socialist anarchism regards any concentration of being able as a source of oppression, at the point to lead to a radical dispute of the principles founders of the State.

Practically, the anarchists seek to organize in voluntary associations, often called Collectif S or trade union S, founded in Direct democracy in the decision-making processes. Certain socialist anarchists plead for the combination of these institutions through the use of deputy, challengeable and nonrenewable, on the various federative levels. Spanish anarchism gave many example of organization federative succeeded and operational. Contemporary examples of organisational anarchistic socialism and practical models décisionnaires include a certain number of movements anti-capitalists and anti-globalisation including: Zapatista Councils off Good Government and the Total Network Indymedia - which covers 45 countries out of 6 continents. One can also quote the many examples of indigenous companies whose political system and economic can be opportunely described like anarchistic or Socialist-libertarians, each one of them relating in addition single and to the culture which generated it. For the libertarians, the diversity of the practices inside a framework of common principles is a proof of the vitality of these principles, their flexibility and their force.

Contrary to the spread opinion, socialist anarchism was not traditionally a utopian movement , having rather tended to avoid the excessive theorization and the speculations on what should be a future and ideal company, except some rather atypical examples such high speculations colors of a Charles Fourier. The anarchistic thinkers were rather inclined to consider that the major changes not being able beings carried out in the immediate future historical, it initially acted to lead a permanent combat for the installation of new social structures, so that a solution is reached in the long term according to democratic and organic ways. The anarchists often suggest that this focusing on exploration rather than the predetermination makes their greater force. They underline for example that the success of science in its explicaiton of the natural world proceeds of the scientific method and its structural insistence on rational exploration and the experimentation, and not on its conclusions nor its forecasts; this when the majority of the dogmatic explanations of the natural phenomena almost always showed the failure. Though their detractors often show them not to answer concretely the problems which they address, the contemporary anarchists consider that a methodological approach of the experimentation constitutes the best means of carrying out their social ideal in the long term. For them, the dogmatic approaches of the social organization are dedicated thus as much to the failure than are to it the dogmatic explanations of the natural fact. The American anarchist Rudolf Rocker declared " thus; I am anarchistic not that because I believe that anarchism is the supreme goal, but because the supreme goal does not exist pas". ( The London Years , 1956).

Violence and Non-violence

Certain revolutionary anarchists preach violence like necessary for going beyond and of the abolition of the capitalist company. Among many others, Errico Malatesta asserted that the use of violence was necessary, as it indicates it in Umanità Nova (n° 125, September 6th, 1921):

" Our aspiration and our goal and that each one can become socially conscious and efficient; but to reach for this purpose, it is necessary to provide each development and means of existence, and it consequently becomes necessary to destroy by violence, as one cannot make differently, the violence which denies these means with the travailleurs."

A contrario, Joseph Proudhon, often qualified " Father of Anarchisme" , in favor of a non-violent Révolution pled. Displacement towards the violence of certain anarchistic tendencies rose more or less systematically from the perpetrated massacres counter communities resulting from work of Prouhdhon and others. Several anarchist-Communists started to regard revolutionary violence as counterpoint with capitalist and official violence, often correlated.

Political roots

Anarchism appears with the junction of socialism and an economic liberalism, adapting the anticapitalist attitude of the Socialists and the anti-state control of the liberals. Proudhon], invented the sentence become currency " The Property it is Vol" to describe a share of its sights on nature property in relation to complexes the use of freedom. For Proudhon, the employee of the capitalist is " subordinated, exploited: its permanent condition is that of the obéissance."

Seventeen years (1857) after Proudhon is the first declared anarchistic in 1840, the communist anarchist Joseph Déjacque was the first to be declared libertarian.

Conflict with the Marxism

By rejecting capitalism as much that the State, the socialist anarchists were posed in opposition with the representative democracy associated with capitalism as much as with the forms authoritative of the Marxism, which appeared precisely following the schism between anarchists and Marxists. Though the anarchists and the Marxists are often regarded as sharing the belief in a common goal of a company without state, the anarchists criticize the Marxists for their defense of a transitional stage during which the structures of state are used for purposes of their own going beyond. Nevertheless, the Marxist tendencies libertariennes like the Communism separatist or the Communisme of councils were historically mixed with the anarchistic movement.

Anarchistic mobilities entered in conflict with the capitalist forces and those Marxist, sometimes at the same moment, as at the time of the Ukrainian revolt known as of the Makhnovitchna carried out by the anarchistic revolutionist Nestor Makhno of 1917 to 1923, or during the Spanish Civil war, even if as in this last war the Marxists often divided between supports and enemies of the anarchistic cause. Other political persecutions under bureaucratic modes resulted in an antagonism historically strong opponent anarchists and Marxists libertariens on a side and Marxist Leninists from the other and their derivatives the such Maoïsme. In the recent history, however, the socialist anarchists formed of the alliances repeated with Marxist-Leninists groups or néo-trostkystes in often inopportune coalitions.

A share of this antagonism can be brought back to the International association of the Workers or First International, congress of the radical workers , where Michel Bakounine, then representing the socialist anarchists clearly, and Karl Marx, that the anarchists showed authoritarianism, entered in conflict open on several questions. The point of view of Bakounine as for the radical illegitimacy of the State as an institution and the role of the electoral policies was frontally opposed to the sights of Marx on these subjects, which were the priority ideological subject of the congress. The success of Marx appeared by the expulsion of Bakounine and its follower of the field of the First International one. The event marked the beginning of a long fight ever stopped enter the socialist anarchists and the Marxists, those being qualified by these d'" autoritaires".

Principal socialist anarchists

• Maurice Brinton

• Edward Carpenter
• Cornelius Castoriadis
• Noam Chomsky
• Stuart Christie
• Sam Dolgoff
• Buenaventura Durruti
• Takis Fotopoulos
• William Godwin
• Emma Goldman
• Paul Goodman
• Clifford To grip
• Ammon Hennacy
• Peter Kropotkin
• The Libertarian Book Club
• Kotoku Shusui
• Errico Malatesta
• Louise Michel
• William Morris
• Peter Neville
• Albert Parsons
• Lucy Parsons
• Joseph Proudhon
• Michel Onfray
• George Orwell
• Bertrand Russell
• Vernon Richards
• Rudolf Rocker
• Victor Serge
• Hake Ward
• George Woodcock
• Howard Zinn