Social Housing

A social housing is a intended Logement, following an initiative public or deprived, with people with modest incomes which would have difficulties of placing on the free Marché. The expression is also used to indicate the economic sector made up by this Real estate market and the policies of social economy which govern its administration.

Types of social housing

There exist various types of housing social :

the housing (public or private) of type HLM (housing public sector), residences built and managed by an public agency or deprived.
housing Subsidy born, built and sometimes managed by private companies.
the supplement with the rent, a subsidy granted directly to the underprivileged households so that they can be placed on the open market.
co-operatives of dwelling whose formation was subsidized and helped (legal councils) by the public authorities. Those see in the co-operatives an easier way towards the possibility of home-ownership than they tend to support for reasons of financial autonomy of the families and civic responsibility increased for the owners.

Other policies of dwelling in on this side public housing, in particular the Control of the rents, can be very effective to limit the harmful effects of the shortages or to maintain the stock of residences on levels of rent more acceptable for the majority of the tenants.

Financing

In France the social housing is financed initially by several actors:

the State on budget allocation: the investment is done in the form of loan or of non-returnable subsidy. N the other hand the prefect thus has a right of reservation of 30% of the social housing, including 5% for the civils servant of the State. The budget allocation devoted to these investments concerns the various administrations which devote unequal means for the housing of their agents. The ministry for the equipment, in load of the interdepartmental procedure or that of defense remain the principal investors.

the territorial collectivities can also contribute to operations of residences, and intervene, generally, in financing complementary to that of the State.

the Deposit and consignment office, is the principal financor of the loans, with the Livret has (savings account atrate regulated and tax-free).

the 1% housing which corresponds to the participation of the employers in the effort of construction, and supports the housing of the employees. These funds are used by collectors of the 1% as well in loans as in subsidies and to support rental housing or the possibility of home-ownership.

family allowance offices: receive the contributions of the employers and distribute various personal helps to housing

Limits

A policy of social housing is sometimes seen by the owners of residences like an undue competition. Associations of owners generally militate so that the governments subsidize the tenants with low-incomes rather and lets function the free market as regards housing.

The policies of social housing often led to the creation of poor zones of households, of the sectors stigmatized by their label HLM.

History of the social housing in France

1832 : The Choléra makes 18.602 victims in Paris. The doctors Parent-Duchâtelet and Villermé accuse the dirtiness and the exiguity of the residences (rather of the slums) of poorest.

1850 : First relative law with the installation of the unsanitary housings.

1851 : Construction by Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte of the 86 residences of the Quoted Rochechouart with Paris.

1859 : Beginning of the construction by Jean-Baptiste Godin of the 500 residences of the Phalanstery of Own way.

1862 : Starting with Mulhouse of construction, on the initiative of industrialists, 1.240 payable working houses by monthly payments.

1894 : The law Siegfried at a cheap rate encourages the creation of organizations of dwellings.

1906 : The law Strauss makes it possible the communes to intervene in the social housing.

1908 : The law Ribot creates the companies of Real estate credit to support the accession with “the small property”.

1912 : The law Bonnevay authorizes creation by the local government agencies of offices of HBM (Habitations at a cheap rate).

1921-1939 : The office of HBM of the Seine engages a policy of construction of Cités-jardins in periphery of Paris, in particular with Arcueil, Stains or Suresnes.

1928 : The law Squinter mark the first financial liabilities of the State in the social housing.

1950 : HBM become HLM (Housing Public sector).

1954 : Following the call of the Abbot Pierre, the State - being based on the organizations of HLM - begins massively in the effort of housing construction, in particular in the form of great units.

1975 : White paper HLM asserts the quality of the habitat for all.

1977 : After the Commission Report Bar, the law poses the principle of a personalized help giving access of all a good housing.

1981 : Creation, on the initiative of Movement HLM and of its partners, of the Commission on the Social development of the districts.

1982 : The law Quilliot recognizes for the first time the right to the habitat. It controls the financial backer-tenants ratios.

1989 : At the time of the 50ème congress of the organizations HLM, the President of the Republic commits himself completing the rehabilitation of the social inheritance in a few years.

1990 : The law Besson creates the conditions of the access to housing for the most stripped.

1991 : The law of orientation for the city affirms the need for the diversity of the habitat and the local policies.

1998 : The law against exclusions ensures in particular a greater transparency in attributions.

2000 : The law known as " Solidarity and Urbains" Renewal; lay down the objective of 20% of social housing in cities of the agglomerations of more than 50.000 inhabitants and reaffirms the competence of organizations HLM as regards possibility of home-ownership.

2003 : The law known as " Town planning and habitat" reform the Code of town planning and sets up a tax device in favor of the investors. The law of orientation and programming for the city and the urban renovation - said " law Borloo " - defines the methods of intervention of the State in the disadvantaged urban areas.

2007 : The law n°2007-290 of March 5th, 2007 institutes a " Right to housing opposable".

See too

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