Social Exclusion

The social exclusion is relegation or social marginalisation people who do not correspond to the model dominating of a company. It generally neither truly is deliberated, nor socially allowed, but constitutes a more or less brutal process of progressive rupture of the social links.

This term started to find a use social running in the years 1980 in the post-industrial companies. Whereas the phenomenon of setting to the variation is found in very many companies and goes back to old times, the current phenomenon of social exclusion does not recover exactly that of the Pauvreté.

One of the dominant expressions of the Western companies is the active participation with the Job market. Number of unemployed thus felt excluded, and this all the more for those which were syndicated since with the loss of their work, they lost also any recognition on the level of their trade union|date= 9/22/07

Social exclusion, by depriving an individual or a group of a recognition, denies its identity. And when one passes from the irrefutable fact to the statute, then a process of stigmatization takes place.

However, social exclusion also related to other fields, other values, like the family, the Mariage, the Logement, the Culture, the Scolarisation…

When groups which feel excluded socially still have enough resources (human, financial,…), they can develop reactions with this Exclusion: Counter-culture, demonstrations,…

On the other hand, when this exclusion relates to very weakened groups (economically), it maintains their stigmatization.

Question with the citizenship

In the judicious democratic society to guarantee to their members, the exercise of their rights and their duties, the desocialisation of part of the population raises the question of the effective citizenship and either of principle. For example, in France of the end of the XXe century, knowing a population of excluded increasing, “the social services seem the last places where they are still regarded as citizens…” by the Nation, apart from the electoral campaigns; the community life being another place of rebuilding of the social link.

At the origins of exclusion, exploitation?

See also: social Exploitation

In a first approach, it is possible to associate exclusion and exploitation directly. Thus, the Anarchistic , the Altermondialistes and in a general way the Extreme-left, consider that social exclusion is produced by the social Exploitation. A part of them condemns however the differentiation Sémantique which is seen like a refusal to use the Langage Marxiste. For example, according to Eric Hazan, " when one speaks about excluded it has there no more exploitor ".

Of another dimensioned, it is necessary to wonder about what the use of the concept of exclusion implies. If the term of “exclusion” were widely diffused in the scientific literature and the media, in particular after the report/ratio of DTA Fourth World of 1987, the company would not know for being considered as divided into two as much: of with dimensions “excluded them” and, other, “included them”. The situation of excluded is multiple. Concepts of " déclassement" , according to Pierre Bourdieu, or of " disqualification sociale" , according to Serge Paugam or of " désaffiliation" according to Robert Castel, show better how more and more people, who are in situation of great social vulnerability, do not finish any being " déclassées" or " disqualifiées" as members of their initial categories of membership.

As of childhood?

Problem of education

Exclusion can strike as of childhood, at the time of schooling and the first years in family. Indeed, the child having undergone an even violent too severe education, or the divorce or the separation of his parents, even a serious traumatism (inceste, reference of the parental hearth), can interiorize the judgment of his family (such as it includes/understands it and represents it) and be excluded itself from the company, feeling different from his comrades. This faintness often results in a school failure. And later, the teenager become adult will be able to live himself as without professional future, and thus without future, because of this initial exclusion. This type of exclusion, badly known in France , however the childhood concerns of thousands of excluded . The child can also be excluded during primary socialization. I.e. as of its first years at the school and its first family socialization.

The early family ruptures and the situations of ill-treatment during childhood frequently lead to social exclusion. Many investigations were led recently into this subject, as well in France as in the United States, Sweden or in the United Kingdom:

  • work of Jean-Marie Firdion and Maryse Marpsat (2000) shows very clearly that the risk to begin in trajectories of SDF is strongly increased by the fact of having lived of the serious family problems (disagreement or violence of the parents) during its youth.
  • These results are also confirmed by the investigations of Maryse Esterle-Hedibel (1997) for the routes of the young people beginning in bands with the behaviors violent one.
  • the studies of IRDES on the people resorting to the services of free care show the bonds between ill-treatment lasting childhood, propensity to find itself in situations of social exclusion and stronger frequency of the takings risk as regards health.
  • the work impelled under the coordination of Serge Paugam with regard to other trajectories in rupture goes in the same direction, in particular the study of the troop known as SIRS which extends the results resulting from an investigation led in Île-de-France in five Disadvantaged urban areas (ZUS) with the support of the National observatory of poverty and social exclusion, of the Ined and the Inserm.

Problem of the social segregation

The child plays more or less with his parents. According to the Social layer of the parents, they have time more or less, of energy and knowledge to be divided with their children. The children of the low social layers on less the occasion to play, therefore to develop. The schooling is thus an all the more high challenge. In the same way for the professional path. From where the social exclusion of the child and his future children.

See too

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