Slovakia - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

The Slovakia is a country located in Central Europe. The frontier countries are the Ukraine in the east, the Poland in the North-East, the Czech Republic in the North-West, the Austria in the west and the Hungary in the south and is to be distinguished from the Slovenia which is also a Central European country. It was part at the 20th century of the Czechoslovakia.

History

Chronology

: 100,000 front J. - C. the prints of cranium of a woman of Néandertal were found in the travertine hill of Gánovce (close to the town of Poprad) in the area of Spiš. The original (the moulding) of the brain-pan of the woman of Néandertal is deposited with the National museum of Prague.

: 22,000 front J. - C. the time of prehistory seems to correspond with the worship of the fruitfulness and the maintenance of the family. A beautiful statue representing a woman cut in a defense of mammoth, Venus de Moravany, is discovered and deposited with the museum of the castle of Bratislava. It Will have also come there from Oborin representing the worship of fruitfulness.

front J. - C. a city out of stone is built in Mišia Hôrka close to Spišsky Štvrtok, city which saw an apogee and a fast fall.

- front J. - C. the Celtes live on the Slovak territory. They build fortified towns, found iron and strike parts. They are the first people which one can name in the area. The Celts will give to the tools such a form that it will not undergo almost any change during the centuries (axes, lances, chains - irons, knives…). Moreover, they manufactured already ceramics with the revolving potter's wheel, utility earthenware with a mixture of graphite and terra cotta in black, as well as the coining of the Celtic bronze and money, gold currencies.

In 179 or 180, the soldiers of the Roman Légions camp close to the Vah river and carve on the rock of the castle of Trenčin - at this Laugaritio time - an inscription celebrating their victory over the Marcomans.

5th century, the first Slavic ones cross the collars of Carpates and are spread on the territory of current Slovakia.

From 623 to 658, the frank merchant Samo becomes the rassemblor of the Slavic people by forming his unit. He creates and directs the empire known as of Samo. It will be the first formation of State of Slavic of the West.

833, the duke of Moravie, the prince Mojmir II, expels the duke Pribina of the town of Nitra and, by connecting the duchies, it forms the empire of the Large-Moravie

863, the Byzantine monks of Salonique, holy Cyrille and Méthode, come into Large-Moravie with for mission the evangelization and the Alphabétisation from the Slavic ones. They introduce the glagolitic Alphabet. The duke of Large-Moravie, prince Rastislav, invite the pope and the Byzantine emperor Michael III to receive these confessors.

In 907, the Hungarians beat the Bavarian army on banks of the Danube under the castle of Brezalauspurc (the castle of Bratislava). The empire of Large-Moravie did not exist probably any more.

In 1000, the Royaume of Hungary is established with at its head Etienne {{Ier}}, current Slovakia in fact part.

In 1238, Trnava as a first Slovak city obtains the privileges of city. They are decreed by Béla IV of Hungary.

Of 1241 with 1242, the Mongolian invade Hungary. To rebuild the destroyed country, the king Béla IV invites colonists of Germany.

In 1526, the Hungarian army essuie a striking down defeat on August 29th with the battles of Mohács against the Turks, battles where fall the king Louis II from Hungary. The Hungarian Parliament proclaims Presbourg (current Bratislava) capital of Hungary.

Between 1604 and 1711, Hungary struggles in a series of six insurrections of the noble class against Habsbourg.

In 1635, the cardinal Peter Pazmany creates a catholic university with Trnava (in 1777, part of this university is transported to Boudin, the remainder goes in Presbourg in 1786).

The imperial soldiers with the assistance of the army of the Polish king Jean III Sobieski beat, in 1683, the Turks at the time of the Bataille of Vienna and stop the expansion of the Ottoman Empire definitively.

Between 1740 to 1780, Marie-Therese Anger of Hungary control surface Hungary as well as Slovakia. His/her son Joseph II will continue the started reforms which will bring radical social changes.

From 1805 with 1809, Slovakia does not escape the hard moments from the Napoleonean Guerres. The Traité of Presbourg is signed in Presbourg, on December 26th, 1805, after the Austrian defeat at the time of the Bataille of Austerlitz.

The second coding of the Slovak arts person by Ľudovít Štúr, published in 1843 is more profitable than the first of 1787 of Anton Bernolák. It becomes the base of the Slovak arts person of today.

At the time of the Spring of the People, a Slovak body of volunteers organizes the first Slovak armed rising. The three attacks of this body at the sides of the emperor do not succeed in giving to the Slovak nation desired freedom.

The Slovak National Assembly proposes a Memorandum of the Slovak nation, in the town of Martin in 1861. Two years later, also in Martin, they establish the “Matica slovenska” first institution national of which the goal was to reinforce the education and the culture of the Slovak ones.

In Černova, small village close to the town of Ružomberok then Rosenberg, on October 27th, 1907, the gendarmes open fire against the villagers who protest against the Hungarian clergy and the dedication of a church. The assessment of this shooting of 14 died and 70 wounded. The Norwegian Bjornstjerne Bjornson and the English Seton Watson will publish information concerning these facts and will make that the forces progressists will be mobilized. Černova is the birthplace of the priest and politicking Andrej Hlinka (1864-1938).

In 1918, Slovakia belongs to the First Republic Czechoslovakian, founded on October 28th in Prague. The adhesion of Slovak in the new State is approved by the National Assembly on October 30th in the town of Martin. Bratislava will be only attached there starting from January 1st, 1919. Tomáš Scrubland Masaryk, the general Milan Rastislav Štefánik and Edvard Beneš by their political activity work with the creation of this new state of Europe.

March 14th, 1939, in Bratislava, the independence of the Slovak Republic is proclaimed. The catholic priest Jozef Tiso becomes president of the Slovak State, state created by the will of the Nazi Germany. August 29th, 1944, Slovak national Rising is proclaimed in the town of Banska Bystrica. After the occupation of the places of rising by German, in the center of Slovakia, the soldiers and the partisans Slovak find refuge in the mountains. The release of the country of the occupation Nazi will start with the entry of the Red Army as Slovakia on October 6th, 1944 in the area of the collar of Dukla. Bratislava will be released on April 4th, 1945 consequently armed.

To the elections of the autumn 1947, even if the Slovak Communists do not gain, contrary to their Czech colleagues, Slovakia falls into the hands from the prosovietic authority after the communist putsch from February 1948.

In 1968, Slovak politicians taken along by Alexander Dubček take an active part in the Printemps of Prague. The promising democratization of the State and the company is violently stopped in August 1968 by the occupation of the country by the armies of the Warsaw Pact.

The Revolution of velvet, in November 1989, brings radical political changes. The Communists lose their capacity and the road is opened with the democracy and plurality. The inhabitants of Bratislava and other cities and villages Slovak take an active part in the mass demonstrations.

January 1st, 1993: Slovakia is an independent and sovereign State. The new Slovak State becomes member of UNO on January 19th. February 15th, the National Assembly of the Slovak Republic elects Michel Kovač like first president of this democratic State.

March 29th, 2004, Slovakia becomes member of NATO and on May 1st, member of the European Union.

Relations with the European Union

the June 27th 1995 Slovakia presents the question of adhesion.
the December 10th 1999 Slovakia opens the negotiation of adhesion (finished the December 13rd 2002).
the April 14th 2003 the European Council approves adhesion.
the April 16th 2003: Slovakia signs the Treaty of Accession (into force of May 1st 2004).
the May 17th 2003 92.4 of Slovak approve adhesion by Référendum.

Policy

Geography

Subdivisions

Slovakia is divided into 8 areas ( kraje , in the singular kraj ), named according to their capital: ; Slovakia Western

Bratislavský kraj (Bratislava)
Nitriansky kraj (Nitrated)
Trenčiansky kraj (Trenčín)
Trnavský kraj (Trnava)

; Slovakia power station

Banskobystrický kraj (Banská Bystrica)
Žilinský kraj (Žilina)

; Slovakia Eastern

Košický kraj (Košice)
Prešovský kraj (Prešov)

One can also note the existence of 65 districts ( okres ), called to disappear, in the long term, with the rise to power of the areas.

See also: Towns of Slovakia, List of leaders: areas of Slovakia

Demography

Economy

Culture

Others

Slovak famous:

Alexander Dubček (politician)
Daniela Hantuchová (sporting)
Adriana Sklenářiková (mannequin, wife of the footballer Christian Karembeu)
Andy Warhol (artist) of Slovak origin
Milan Rastislav Štefánik Hero free-Slovak

Galleries

Codes

Slovakia has as codes:

LO, according to the Code list countries used by NATO, code alpha-2,
LZ, according to the List of the prefixes of codes ICAO of the airports,
OM, according to the List of prefixes ICAO of registration of the aircraft,
SK, according to the standard ISO 3166-1 (code list country), code alpha-2,
SK, according to the international Code list of the number plates,
.sk, the national Field of first level (country code signal level domain: ccTLD),
SVK, according to the Code list countries used by NATO, code alpha-3,
SVK, according to the standard ISO 3166-1 (code list country), code alpha-3,
SVK, according to the Code list country of the CIO, code alpha-3,

Sources

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