Ski

For the Norwegian city, to see Ski.

The ski is a Sport of slips which is practiced with called long and narrow shoes skis . Mainly known for the ski on Snow, it can also be done on the Eau, called Water skiing or in a more confidential way on sand, grass or pine needles.

The practice of the ski on snow is related to the presence (lasted and thickness) of the coat Neige ux which varies in function mainly Altitude, Latitude (even of longitude), season, exposure to the Sun and Limite rain/average snow. The winter sports resorts were arranged mainly to allow the practice of the ski.

The ski is well a long time means of transport, of use in particular in the Scandinavian countries. The ski known as “Scandinavian” is clearly originating in Scandinavia, gathering the Ski touring and the Ski jump. There exists also a “Scandinavian” technique of downhill skiing, called Télémark (which is also the name of the area of Norway from where this technique is originating). The turn télémark is carried out with a bending of the interior leg.

The word ski comes from the Scandinavian languages, in Norwegian it meant piece of wood ( suski in Finnish and Siberian). Its origins would go back at least to -4000 front J.C., invented in Siberia, Scandinavia or Baltic States. It is useful in combat units as of the XVIe century in Sweden and Finland. The ski was introduced into the the Alps at the end of the XIXe century. The downhill skiing or Alpine skiing consists in going down from the slopes of variable declivity. It led to the construction of sites equipped with Ski lift, generating a vast tourist sector, in particular in the Alps. These skis are broader than the ski tourings and the foot is fixed there at before as at the back.

Chronological reference marks

  • 1861 : foundation of the first club of ski in Norway, the Ski Club of Trysil . The ski was hitherto means of transport whose origin goes back to mists of time.
  • 1867 : first competition of ski in Norway.
  • 1878 : at the time of the World Fair of Paris, the Norwegian house presents in particular skis. This ancestral means of transport particularly draws the attention of the visitors who make acquisition massively of it. Henri Duhamel tries out of it a pair in the the Alps.
  • 1883 : foundation of the first modern club of ski: the Ski Club Christiana (Oslo).
  • 1885 : hotel the Suisse of Saint-Moritz Johannes Badrutt proposes pairs of ski to its hosts in order to divert them during the winter.
  • 1886 : first manufacturing plant of ski in Norway in Christiana (Oslo).
  • 1887 : the use of two sticks is essential in Ski touring. Up to that point, the skiers used one stick.
  • 1890 : publication of the work “With ski through Greenland” of the Norwegian Fridtjof Nansen whose translations in French, English and German start a passion for the ski in Europe.
  • 1893 : manufacture in the valley of Chamonix of the first French pair of ski.
  • 1895 : first competition of ski in Germany (Tauenberg). A Norwegian skier asserts himself.
  • 1896 : the Ski-Club of Grenoble is the first founded in France in November 1895 and officialized the 1ier February 1896. Its founder was the president of the Rock-Club Ernest Thorant (Henry Duhamel declined the presidency because of its distance of Grenoble, it lived in Gières)

Sport S

Alpine skiing

The skis are fixed at the feet by rigid shoes, they-even attached to safety bindings.

In general, one also uses a stick in each hand.

The Alpine skiing practitioner only in descent, it is generally practiced in stations offering Ski lift.

In competition, the Alpine skiing is composed of five disciplines: the slalom, the giant , the super-giant, the descent and the combined.

Cross-country skiing

Ski touring

The ski touring is practiced in flat or undulating ground. The skis long and narrow and are fixed only in front of the foot. The technique traditional, known as not alternate or traditional , consists in advancing in two parallel traces. There also exists since the Années 1980 the technique of the not of skater or skating or free style , whose execution approaches the practice of the Roller or the Iceskate.

The surface of the sole of certain skis of traditional technique is covered with asperities laid out like fish scales in order to avoid the slip backwards, which makes it possible to transmit an impulse forwards. Other skis for the alternative step do not have these scales and must be covered with wax in the middle of the ski, wax which will vary according to the quality of snow and its temperature. The surface of the skis of skating is, it, always smooth and covered with wax according to the quality of snow, in order to allow the best slips.

The sticks used for the not of skater are longer than those used for the not alternate (approx. 90% of the size of the skier against 70%). The shoes of skating maintain laterally ankle and are thus rising.

Ski jump

The skier jumps since a springboard. The size of these springboards can vary few meters to more than one hundred. The longest jump currently recorded is of 239m is almost two grounds and half of football.

Biathlon

Discipline combining the ski touring and the shooting with the rifle.

Scandinavian Compound

Discipline combining the Ski jump and the Ski touring.

Ski freestyle

  • bumps,
  • jump.

And of new disciplines of ski considered as extreme sports:

  • skicross,
  • big air: it is a more or less large springboard, to make lifting jumps,
  • half pipe: as its name indicates it, it is a structure in form of half-pipe, in which figures are carried out while jumping.
  • slopestyle: succession of bigs air and rails, each riders is evaluated by judges.

Water skiing

The skis are fixed at the feet by a hull maintaining the foot and fixed on the shoe.

The skier practices the ski, generally behind a Bateau, in three disciplines: slalom, jump and figures. cf Water skiing

Ski touring

The ski touring is a hybrid Sport, which is practiced in rough ground non made-up. The material resembles that used in Alpine skiing but has some specificities which make it possible to climb the slopes before descending them: the skis are lighter, fixings have two positions: a first for the rise which leaves the free heel in order to facilitate walk, a second for the descent which locks the heel. seal skins are used which one sticks under the skis and which prevent the retreat. To prevent the ski from driving out in hard snow, one adds “knives to him” (pipe fittings of “T” which bite snow). To this material possibly the specific material of Alpinisme is added: cramps and ice axe which make it possible to climb routes escarpés by putting the skis on the backpack, cross-belt and cord for glacial routes.

In addition to unscrewing, the falls of stones, the cracks, the Avalanche represents the greatest danger of this sport, all the more present in the accident statistics which the passage of the skiers is likely to start the departure of the avalanches - generally “of plate” - which carry them. It is thus very important only not to leave and to be provided with specific material making it possible to call the helps, but also to start without delaying research in an autonomous way: apparatus of research of the victims of avalanche (ARVA), shovel and probe should, nowadays, belong to the basic material of all the skiers of excursion, who should not only leave…

Freeride

Freeride or Off-piste skiing is a variation of the Alpine skiing which approaches the ski touring. It is generally a question of going down from the not marked out slopes, if possible covered with a beautiful layer of fresh Poudreuse. This practice requires boards broader than those used for the skiing on piste, in order to obtain a better bearing pressure in deep snow. These skis are even sometimes Bi-spatulas (raised in front of like behind), in order to facilitate the receptions and the ski behind. Freeride developed considerably at the end of the years 1990; in 2005 the majority of the manufacturers of ski propose ranges specific to relatively accessible prices.

Freerider must always have on him the trio ARVA - shovel Sonde in order to be able to release the skiers possibly taken under a Avalanche, and to be located if necessary under a casting.

Télémark

The télémark is a Scandinavian technique of descent, originating in the Comté of Telemark in Norway. Invented by the carpenter Sondre Norheim in the Years 1860, it consists of a bending of the interior leg to the turn. Initially forgotten with the profit of the turn “christiana”, the télémark reappears with the the United States in the years 1970. Its development accelerated at the end of the years 1990 with the appearance of shorter skis, cut (from now on identical to the Alpine skiings) and of the shoes with plastic hull. This elegant technique makes from now on many followers, in all the disciplines: freeride, freestyle, competition, excursion…

Ski speed

The ski speed (launched kilometer) is a sport which consists in descending a track rammed as quickly as possible in order to reach more high speed. The skiers can undergo an acceleration identical to that of a F1 (0 to 200 km/h in less than 6 seconds).

World records: 251,4 km/h on the track of KL of the Arcs.

  • French Tracks

    • the Arcs
    • VAr

Ski joëring

It is practiced with a Cheval or a Poney harnessed which draws the skier thanks to a framework, very often rigid. The skis should not exceed 1 m 50 not to obstruct the horse. It is practiced on rammed snow, in career closed, on the tracks or more rarely in ways. This discipline is appropriate as well to the skiers as with the riders.

Forwardings

  • In 1888, Fridtjof Nansen crosses Greenland using skis. It will make the account of it five years later in a book ( Through Greenland ) which will be translated into French and will strike the world of the initiates of the mountain at one time when the ski is still almost unknown in the Alps.
  • the Norwegian Torry Larsen was in 2000 the first to rejoin the Russia with the Canada by the North pole.

See too

External bonds

  • Site of the international federation of ski
  • history of the ski

Simple: Skiing

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