Signiphoridae

Signiphoridae are Insecte S Hyménoptère S Térébrant S of the super family of the Chalcidoidea.

Morphology

The Signiphoridae are tiny parasitic wasps of a size from 0,5 to 2 Misters the aspect is never metal, often of waxy appearance, on the regular surface deprived of sculpture. The body is black or black and chestnut, seldom black and yellow. The antennas include/understand from 2 to 5 (7) short segments.

Propodeum with a broad characteristic median triangular zone.
Wings fringed with a reduced vein postmarginale and a stigma.
Surface of the naked wing, deprived of silks.
strongly sessile Gaster (not of throttling enters the thorax and the abdomen)

Taxonomy

This family is numerically not very important, including/understanding only 75 species divided into 4 kinds:

Chartocerus Motschulsky 1859 (30 described species).
Clytina Erdös 1957 (1 described species).
Signiphora Ashmead 1880 (40 described species).
Thysanus Walker 1840 (4 described species).

In the past, this family named " Thysanidae ".

The Signiphoridae are phylogenetically close to the family of the Aphelinidae , particularly of under family of the Azotinae (Hym. Chalcidoidea).

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List species (Noyes, 2001)

(E) = presence in Europe

Kind Chartocerus Motschulsky 1859

Chartocerus australicus (Girault 1913)
Chartocerus (Chartocerus) australiensis (Ashmead 1900)
Chartocerus axillaris De Santis 1973
Chartocerus beethoveni (Girault 1915)
Chartocerus conjugalis (Mercet 1916) (E)
Chartocerus corvinus (Girault 1913)
Chartocerus dactylopii (Ashmead 1900)
Chartocerus delicatus (Girault 1933)
Chartocerus elongatus (Girault 1916) (E)
Chartocerus fimbriae Hayat 1970
Chartocerus fujianensis Tang 1985
Chartocerus funeralis (Girault 1913)
Chartocerus gratius (Girault 1932)
Chartocerus hebes (Girault 1929)
Chartocerus hyalipennis Hayat 1970
Chartocerus intermedius Hayat 1976
Chartocerus kerrichi (Agarwal 1963)
Chartocerus kurdjumovi (Nikol' skaya 1950) (E)
Chartocerus musciformis Motschulsky 1859
Chartocerus Niger (Ashmead 1900) (E)
Chartocerus novitzkyi (Domenichini 1955) (E)
Chartocerus philippiae (Risbec 1957)
Chartocerus ranae (Subba Rao 1957)
Chartocerus reticulatus (Girault 1913)
Chartocerus rosanovi Sugonjaev 1968
Chartocerus ruskini (Girault 1921)
Chartocerus simillimus (Mercet 1917) (E)
Chartocerus subaeneus (Förster 1878) (E)
Chartocerus thusanoides (Girault 1915)
Chartocerus walkeri Hayat 1970

Kind Clytina Erdös 1957

Clytina giraudi Erdös 1957 (E)

Kind Thysanus Walker 1840

Thysanus ater Walker 1840 (E)
Thysanus melancholicus (Girault 1913)
Thysanus nigrellus (Girault 1913)
Thysanus rusti Timberlake 1924

Kind Signiphora Ashmead 1880

Signiphora aleyrodis Ashmead 1900
Signiphora aspidioti Ashmead 1900
Signiphora bifasciata Ashmead 1900
Signiphora borinquensis Quezada, DeBach & Rosen 1973
Signiphora caridei Brèthes 1914
Signiphora citrifolii Ashmead 1880
Signiphora coleoptrata (Kerrich 1953)
Signiphora coquilletti Ashmead 1900
Signiphora desantisi De Santis 1938
Signiphora dipterophaga Girault 1916
Signiphora euclidi Girault 1935
Signiphora fasciata Girault 1913
Signiphora fax Girault 1913
Signiphora flava Girault 1913
Signiphora flavella Girault 1913
Signiphora flavopalliata Ashmead 1880
Signiphora frequentior (Kerrich 1953)
Signiphora giraulti Crawford 1913
Signiphora hyalinipennis Girault 1913

Signiphora insularis (Dozier 1933)
Signiphora longiclava Girault 1917
Signiphora louisianae (Dozier 1933)
Signiphora lutea Rust 1913
Signiphora maculata Girault 1913
Signiphora magniclavus (Dozier 1933)
maximum Signiphora Girault 1913
Signiphora merceti Malenotti 1917 (E)
Signiphora mexicana Ashmead 1900
Signiphora noacki Ashmead 1900
Signiphora perpauca Girault 1915
Signiphora polistomyiella Richards 1935
Signiphora pulcher Girault 1913
Signiphora rectrix Girault 1915
Signiphora rhizococci Ashmead 1900
Signiphora thoreauini Girault 1916
Signiphora townsendi Ashmead 1900
Signiphora tumida De Santis 1973
Signiphora unifasciata Ashmead 1900
Signiphora xanthographa Blanchard 1936
Signiphora zosterica (Kerrich 1953)

Biology

It is a cosmopolitan family of distribution, with a more particular wealth of zone néotropicale, European fauna concealing only 10 species (Argentina has 16 of them).

The Signiphoridae are for some one of the endoparasitoïdes of insects Sternorrhynque S Homoptera Coccoidea, of Aleyrodidae as well as Aphidoidea and of Psylloidea.

Other species are parasitoïdes of pupes of Diptère S.

The majority are hyperparasitoïdes obligatory of Chalcidoîdea , in particular of Encyrtidae . The majority are solitary endoparasitoïdes, little are ectoparasitoïdes.

The Signiphoridae only were seldom used in biological Lutte, because of their hyperparasitism.

References

Gauld, I. & Bolton, B. (eds), (1988). The Hymenoptera. British Museum (Natural History). Oxford University Near. 332 pp.
Hansen, L.O., (2000). The family Signiphoridae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea ) in Norway. - Norwegian Newspaper off Entomology 47:76.
Hansson, C., (1991). Catalog off the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) has described by C.G. Thomson, with has checklist Swedish species off. - Entomologica Scandinavica Supplementum 38:1 - 70.
Krogmann L. (2005). First record off the family Signiphoridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea ) in Denmark. Ent. Meddr. 73:61 - 63. Copenhagen, Denmark 2005. ISSN 0013-8851. Document pdf
Loiacono Mr. S., Gallardo F., Margaria C. (2003). The Standards off Aphelinidae and Signiphoridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea ) Housed At the Museo of Plata, Argentina. Rev. Entomol plowshare. Money. 62 (1-2): 23-31. ISSN 0373-5680. Document pdf
Noyes, J.S., (2003). Universal Chalcidoidea Database. World Wide Web electronic publication.
Woolley, J.B., (1988). Phylogeny and classication off the Signiphoridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea ). Systematic Entomology 13:465 - 501.
Woolley, J.B., (1997). Chapter 18. Signiphoridae . In: Gibson, G.A.P., Huber, J.T. & Woolley, J.B. (eds). Annotated keys to the generated nearctic Chalcidoidea off (Hymenoptera). NRC Research Near, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. pp. 693-699.

External bonds

The Natural History Museum off London. Universal Chalcidoidea Database (Systematic)
The Natural History Museum off London. Universal Chalcidoidea Database (Description)
Agricultural Research Service (USDA). Systematic Entomology Laboratory. Chalcidoids: Signiphoridae

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