Siagne

The Siagne is small a coastal Fleuve French sprinkling the departments of the the Alpes-Maritimes (57%) and of the Var (43%), and which partially materializes the limit between these two department

Ethymology

It is probable that the name is an alternative of the word “sagne” which indicates a variety of reeds. The Siagne in on certain old charts is indicated under the term of Cyagna , Cyagne , of Siagna .

  • the three “Siagne” take their name starting from the vauclusiennes sources which feed them: the temperature of water is constant: 11°, 5 Centigrade.

    • Siagne or Large Siagne takes its name starting from the source vauclusienne Garbo (Saint-Vallier-with-Thiey),
    • Siagnole takes its name starting from the souces vauclusienens of Neissoun in Mons, before it was called the “Wire” because of its low importance,
    • Siagne of Pare or of Escragnolles takes its name starting from the source Vauclusienne of Pare. Previously it named river of Black Water.

History

  • In the tertiary sector, Ologocène, Stampien, Siagne, as much of other rivers of the area ran in opposite direction. One can observe of it the reminiscence in the way in which Siagnole, Miron and Siagne of Pare are brought together in Siagne: while going up towards north or the east.
  • In antiquity, Siagne was called Apron (Απρονα ποταμον) (Strabon).
  • Of the Neolithic era, there remains of many traces in the form of strengthened habitats (oppidum), tumulus, tombs in block, caves inhabited, caves sépulchrale.
  • Of the iron age, it remains only little of traces,
  • the Ligurians, pui the Celto-Ligurian S left a series of ouvtrages monumental (oppidum).
  • Of the Roman period, in addition to the scattered traces of habitats, the aqueduct from Mons to Fréjus collecting the water of Neissoun (vauclusienne source of Siagnole) is the most important monument, and it is still in service on its first 7 kilometers.
  • Thereafter of many mills (called factories), with wheels then with wheel was installed on all the course of Siagne its affluents and leus under branches: mills with flour, olives, fuller, plaster, of the paper mills. only the communal mills of Mons on Siagnole are still in operating condition after being rachtés by their miller.
  • Of the recent past one finds the trace of very many construction out of dry stone: huts, shelters, let us agachons, cottages, sheep-folds, cochonniers, descargadous, aiguiers, cisterns, refrigerators, well, furnaces, lime kilns, furnaces with pitch, furnaces with cade, restanques, walls, walls with bees, calades, threshing floors, recavades, clots, enclosure, wild rabbits, lèques, apiès

Hydrology

Siagne is a small river almost provided relatively well all the year. Its flow was observed over one 41 years period (1967-2007), with Pégomas, little upstream of Cannes and thus not far from its mouth in the sea. The catchment area of the river is there of 515 km ², i.e. its almost totality.

The interannual medium flow or module of the river with Pégomas is of 8,75 m ³ a second.

Siagne presents seasonal fluctuations being able to summarize itself in a mode at two periods. The high waters begin in October and continue until May included. They carry the average monthly flow on a level located between 9,75 and 14,1 m ³ a second, with a light top in November followed by a very light fall in December, and a second top in January. As of the end of May starts the rather fast descent towards the low waters of summer which lead to the low water level from July-August with a minimal minimum average of 1,82 m ³ a second in August, which remains still rather appreciable. On the whole, the seasonal oscillations are not too important. However the fluctuations of flow can be much more marked over moreover short periods.

The VCN3 can fall until 0,39 m ³, in the event of dry period quinquennial, which is not very severe in the French South. The VCN3 is the past minimal quantity or minimal flow over three days consecutive.

As almost everywhere in Provence, the risings can be rather important, at least for a small river with reduced basin. The QIX 2 or calculated flow of biennial rising and QIX 5 (calculated flow of quinquennial rising) are worth respectively 140 and 210 m ³. The QIX 10 or calculated flow of decennial rising is of 250 m ³ a second and the QIX 20 of 290 m ³. As for the QIX 50 or computed value of the flow of raw cinquantennale, it is assembled to 350 m ³ (see note). That means that, for example, every two years, one must expect a rising of about 140 cubic meters, and every ten years a rising of 250 cubic meters must statistically occur.

The recorded maximum instantaneous flow was of 382 m ³ a second on January 12th, 1996, while the maximum daily output was assembled to 314 m ³ the same day. By comparing this value with the scale of the QIX of the river, it appears that this rising was more important than the calculated rising cinquantennale (QIX 50) and thus exceptional.

On the whole, Siagne is a small relatively abundant river. The Lame of water past in its catchment area is of 537 millimetres annually, which is high, being worth definitely more than the average overall of France all confused basins, but a little lower than the blade of the totality of the basin of the VAr its neighbor for example (553 millimetres). The specific Flow of the river (or Qsp) reached the rather robust figure of 17 liters a second and per square kilometer of basin.

Geography

Chart of Siagne (1845) Siagne takes its source well on the commune of Escragnolles beyond the hamlet of Lease, on the southern sides of Audibergue between the Colle locality and Adhesive-Is, to 1435 m of altitude, Of a length of roughly 39,550 km, Siagne crosses or skirts the communes of Saint-Vallier-with-Thiey, Mons, Saint-Cézaire-on-Siagne, Callian, Montauroux, of Tignet, Tanneron, Cabris, Pégomas, Auribeau-on-Siagne, the Roquette-sur-Siagne and Mandelieu-la-Napoule. Finishing its tour peacefully, it joined the Mediterranean in Mandelieu, where one transformed it into marina. It forms a valley which shelters the Canal of Siagne. This channel feeds out of drinking water the neighborhood cities of Fatty and Cannes.














Affluents

The Small valley of the Adhesive (Y5511040)

The brook of Faye or source of Nans (Y5511030)

The brook of the Small valley of Saint Martin's day (Y5511060)














The Small valley of Combe (Y5511120

Siagne of Avoids or Siagne of Escragnolles, or Siagnette, and “river of Black Water” (Y5510500)

  • Cave and the source of Pare (RD) feeds the channel Belletrud.

  • in 1830, the source of Pare was bought with the commune of Mons by the town of Cannes for 20.000 francs but, quickly spent.

Miron (Y5510520)

    • Avenc (skeleton of Bear) (RD)

    • Cave of Canebières (RD)

The Siagnole (and the Wire) (developed separately) (Y5510540)

or Siagne of Roman Mons or Siagne.
  • catchment area: 4.696 ha (without counting the catchment area of Neissoun)

The aqueduct from Mons to Fréjus is supplied by the source Vauclusienne Neissoun with Mons

Affluents of Siagnole or the Wire

    • Small valley of Through (Y5511240)

    • small valley of Vennes (Y5511260)
    • small valley of Castling Abeillère (Y5511280)
    • Small valley of Ambus (Y5511300)
    • Small valley of San-Peyre (Y5511320)

The Small valley of Gourgs (Y5511340)

Make of Roure (Y5511360

Brook of Vernatelle (Y5511380)

Biançon (Y5520500), or White Riou or Riou de Seillans (Y5520520) to see

  • has its origin and takes its name when it receives Camiole.: formerly called Binson
  • Is born in Seillans from several sources: Couchelongas, Cat and Niesson,
    • length: 14.720 m,
    • flow on July 28th, 1843: 76 l/s.
    • area catchment 11.217 ha, which makes a high-risk river of it.
    • currently: seldom in top, even after strong rains.
  • Biançon takes part in the food of the reserve of the gravity dam of hydro-electric factory E.D.F. of Tanneron: to see.
  • Biançon, overexploited, is becoming a fossil river, but remains very dangerous because of imortance of its catchment area,









Affluents of Biançon
  • which is born in Seillans, is fed by the source of Bourigaille, 9.150 m length, flow 24-10-1843: 89 l/s.

la Camandre
  • is born in Fayence,
  • out of left bank:
      • 1 mill (2) with the sior Abbot,
      • 1 mill (2) with the sior Worthy
      • 1 mill (1) with the commune of Fayence,
      • 1 mill (2) with the sior Guiol,
  • out of Right Bank:
      • 1 mill (2),
      • 1 ressence with the sior Allongue,
      • 1 mill (2)
      • 1 ressence, with the sior Martin,

la Souate

le Chautard
  • Entirely on the commune of Tourrettes, 5.700 m length, flow on October 24th, 1843: 38 liters.
  • receives:
    • Courraire joined by the Small valley of Haut-Serminier,

,

  • 3

, hydrants including 1 with Stopping on Tourettes

    • 1 stopping for irrigation Right Bank

    • 2 channels

    • 3 mills with flour RG with Mrs Allongue and Boyer,
    • 1 mill with oil RG with the sior Allongue,
    • 1 ressence RG with Mr. De Villeneuve,

    • 1 mill with oil,

    • 1 ressence with Mr. de Villeneuve,
    • 2 irrigation canals for Tourrettes,

le small valley of Combes
la Camiole
  • Takes its source with Tourrettes, length = 5.600m, flow 24-10-1843: 61 l/s.
  • receives
    • the small valley of Netted
    • the small valley of Vincent
    • the small valley of the Road

  • 3 hydrants including 1 with stopping

  • out of Right Bank:

    • 2 mills with flour with the commune of Callian,
    • 1 mill with oil with the commune of Callian,
    • 3 mills with oil with Mrs Mazard, Valalvieille and Rebuffel,
    • 1 ressence,
  • out of left bank:
    • 1 stopping for the irrigation of Chenevières,

le small valley of Saint Martin's day of Serminier

le small valley of Carpénée (Y551380)
  • receives the Small valley of the hubac of Peillon,

le small valley of Gaudon

la river of Be worth (Y5520580)
  • which receives:
    • the small valley of Friaoud,
    • the small valley of the cart track,

the small valley of Small lake (Y5521420)

the small valley of Castanier (or Coulombons)

le small valley of Iron (Y5521580)

le Large small valley of the Glassmaking (Y5520600)
  • 10 km length: takes its source with the borders of Mandelieu

Installations of Biançon or White Riou or Riou de Seillans
    • Seillans :
      • 7 mills (2),
      • 4 mills (1)
      • 1 mills (4),
      • 2 wool factories
    • Montauroux
      • 1 mill with flour (Fondurane)
      • 1 sawmill with Sieur Bertrand

Mourachonne (Y5530540) Incipient in Châteauneuf and still posing many problems of pollution.

    • Mouans, left bank, with the sior Hugues:
      • 1 mill (1),
      • 1 mill (2),
      • 1 sawmill,
    • Pégomas, out of Right Bank: with Mr. Drée:
      • 1 mill (1),
      • 1 mill (2)
      • 1 mill (4)
      • 1 sawmill

Gabre

The Spawning ground

Vernède (Y5531820)

Ru going down from Tanneron

Théoulière

Ru going down from Tanneron

Installations of Siagne

Mills Factories, paper mills, sawmills on Siagne

In 1855, the land register indexed 1.194 mills in the VAr. During at least two centuries water, often renamed hydro-electric power, represented the independent source of the energy, and least expensive: thus the mills, then baptized factories multiplied along the least river under the push of the communes and the private individuals. These mills hardly consumed water, but their levels of food were also used to provide the water of irrigation to the neighbouring fields. it followed an overconsumption ever controlled from there. The periods of dryness currently worsen this situation and of many courses tend to fossilize putting at unemployment many poachers of trout or crayfish…
  • mills at (1) = Farine, (2) = olives, (3) = plaster 4=ressence, (5) = with fullers, (6) = forging mills

  • mills with (1) = Flour, (2) = olives, (3) = plaster 4=ressence, (5) = with fullers, (6) = forging mills

    • Escragnolles, out of Right Bank:

      • 1 mill (1),
    • Saint-Vallier-in-Thiey, out of left bank: with the sior Olivier:
      • 2 mills (1)
    • Callian, out of Right Bank: with Dr. Moor:
      • 3 mills (1)
      • 1 ressence,
      • 1 paper mill,
    • Saint-Cézaire, out of left bank: with the sior Amic:
      • 2 mills (1),
      • 2 mills (2),
      • 1 ressence,
    • Montauroux, out of Right Bank:
      • 2 mills (1), with the sior Fabre:
      • 2 mills (2), with the sieurs Imbert, Count and Hen:
      • 1 ressence,
    • Tignet, out of left bank: with Mrs. de Navaille:
      • 2 mills (1),
      • 1 mill (2),
      • 1 paper mill,
      • 1 sawmill,
    • Tanneron, out of Right Bank: with the sior Maubert:

      • 1 mill (1)

      • 1 sawmill,






    • Auribeau-on-Siagne, out of left bank: with the sieurs of Drée and Maganosc:
      • 1 mill (1),
      • 1 mill (2),
      • 1 sawmill,
    • Pégomas, out of left bank, with the sior Ricord, called mills of Abadie:
      • 4 mills (1),
      • 1 sawmill

Stoppings, captures on Siagne

    • captures channel of Siagne,

    • Hydro-electric Usine of Malignant in Saint-Céaire,
    • captures feeder canal of Lake Saint-Cassien to Saint-Cézaire (Veirachon),
    • captures factory of water with Auribeau,
    • captures Lock with Pégomas,
    • Canal of Meayne from the Roquette-sur-Siagne
    • Gué of Mandelieu, where in 405 Gallia the woman of Eucher drowned which died in 1450 évèque of Lyon and was then canonized.

Channels, levels, béalières on Siagne

aqueduct from Mons to Fréjus

channel of Siagne

channel of Belletrud

Channel of Béal (Pégomas, Mandelieu)

channel of Meayne: rocket on Siagne, towards Béal

Level and paper mill of Rey de Siagne

Level of the mill of Ajustadous

Environment: throats

The throats of high Siagne are splendid: many caves, ruins of mills and sawmills, habititats strengthened on the tops, relatively intact flora, It is a pleasure qe of parcourrir them in walk, while following the GR., or along the diversion canals: channel of Siagne, Belletrud channel, wood of the Malignant ones. One can also cross them more den car by a sinuous road, often with narrow gauge railway:

    • access by Cézaire Saint: by D105,
    • access by Callian: by D96,
    • access by Mons: by D656.
These 3 roads are rejoinent with the Bridge of Siagne, just downstream from the Hydro-électrique factory, close to the resurgence of Foux, the caves of Combriere and painting, out of Right Bank, and of the grotttes of Easter (very important network),

Caves

  • Saint-Cézaire

    • Large the Balsam: UTM32: X = 0364532, there = 4890340, Z = 590

    • Easter (RG) and its very important networks: UTM32: X = 0319633, there = 4897694,356,

    • Foux (RG): UTM32: X = 0319555, there = 4837419, Z = 256

    • Guano (RG): UTM32: X = 0319736, there = 4837064, Z = 395: Fact L object of one érrété of protection will natura 2000 for the Chiroptère S.

    • Manuelle (RG

  • Mons

    • Combrière (RD): UTM32: X = 0361995, there = 4887106, Z = 330
    • Paintings (RD): UTM32: X = 0319337, there = 4837691, Z = 329

Curiosities

    • the bridge of railroad of Tignet (bombarded)
    • natural Arch of Ponadieu

Protection Natura 2000

La step Natura 2000

  • Following the report worrying of a biodiversity in regression even in disappearance at the planetary level, the European Union decided to stop the process. The step Natura 2000 consists in supporting, on the eligible sites, the maintenance of the biodiversity while taking account of the socio-economic requirements in a logic of sustainable development.

Thus, the European Union was brought to adopt two directives: one in April 1979 relates to the birds, the other in May 1992 relates to certain natural habitats, to give to the Member States a common framework of intervention in favor of the safeguarding of the natural environments and the species.
  • the directive Habitats of May 21st, 1992, known as directive 92/43/C.E.E. which concerns the site FR 9301574 " Throats of Siagne " , the conservation of the habitats of fauna and the flora savages envisages. It is inspired by the Convention of Bern of 1989 relating to the conservation of the wild life and the natural environments in Europe. In application, it envisages the creation of a European ecological network of Special Zones of Conservation (ZSC).
  • This directive is pressed on 6 appendices and particularly on the appendix II " species being the subject of measurements of conservation" and the appendix IV " species being the subject of strictes" protection measures;.
  • it France conceals many natural environments and species which concern this directive and which were the subject of a census carried out under the aegis of the National Museum of Natural history. From this census, the directive led to the creation of a network Natura 2000 into 2006 which takes again the objectives laid down by Convention on the biological diversity adopted at the time of the “Summit of the Earth” in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and ratified by France in 1996.
  • - Natura 2000 aims to maintain biological diversity, while respecting the human activities. Concretely, the step Natura 2000 does not consist in creating sanctuaries of nature but ensuring the conservation or the re-establishment of species and recognized natural spaces of Community interest by the implementation of a sustainable development reconciling ecological requirements and economic, cultural and social requirements. Also, the directive habitats wants to be to be a directive of management starting from a contractual approach privileging the dialog with all the interlocutors concerned.

Le site FR 93 01574-2005 " Throats of Siagne"

  • extends from the sources of the river with Escragnolles with Auribeau-on-Siagne on a surface of approximately 5300 ha.

With the title of the European directive 92/43/C.E.E. known as “Habitats”, this site was retained in particular because of its complex of very deep throats sometimes constituting a zone of reception for many species. The combination of climatic and geological factors made it possible High Siagne to preserve its wild character. Located at a crossroads associating climates mountain and Mediterranean and substrates limestone and crystalline lens, it is characterized by a great biological diversity for the area Provence-Alp-Coast of Azure.

  • One distinguishes six great types of natural environments on the territory of High Siagne:

    • them underground mediums (caves and cavities)
    • them saxicolous mediums (cliffs and fall)
    • them aquatic environments (Siagne, Siagnole, Siagne of Avoid, and their sources)
    • them moist environments (funds of valleys and throats)
    • them closed forest mediums (pubescent oak grove, green oak grove, chestnut grove, hêtraie, charmaie, suberaie, mimosa, moors, maquis and garrigues)
    • them open mediums (olive groves, zones of cultures, lawns, formations shrubby)

  • This site shelters 23 habitats of Community interest including 7 of priority interest with more than 80 species of fauna protected (except birds), about fifty protected birds and 24 protected plant species.

  • the S.I.I.V.U. (Syndycat Interdépartemental, Inter-commune with Single Vocation) of High Siagne operator of the site was appointed successively to work out and make validate the DOCOB, then stimulating for the management of the site as well of the hydrosystème as of the terrestrial environments. He has accounts to return to the State as for carried out work and the results obtained.

Fauna













Drive out

Fish

It is a river of 1st category, where one fishes especially trout “farillo” (importation).

Flora

To consult

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