Show (clock industry)

See also: Watch

A watch is a portable Horloge. In XXIe century, the watch generally goes to the Poignet, but the first watches were carried in a pocket of waistcoat, jacket (or jacket), or even attached at the end of a short ribbon fixed in top of the breeches or pants.

A clock can function only in only one position, contrary to the watch which functions in all the positions. So two technical elements are essential for him:

  1. the driving spring, whereas a clock can function with weights whose descent actuates the wheel;
  2. the cock, which is the point of higher swivelling of the beam, whereas the clock can function with a Pendule.

Characteristics of the various types of watches

A watch is identified by combining its characteristics, for example: needle analogic display, regulation with quartz, food by pile, carried to the Wrist.

Posting

See also: Keyless watch, digital Watch

  • Analogical:

    • time is indicated by needles
    • time is indicated by liquid crystals, in the shape of features simulating the needles.

  • Numerical:

    • time is indicated by mechanical figures
      • wheels (for example: the days of the month)
    • the figures are represented by 7 segments
      • Electroluminescent diode, for which it is necessary to press a button in order to have the hour because of the strong consumption of posting
      • liquid crystals (LCD)

  • Analogical and numerical

    • for example, of the needles for the hours and the digital displays for the days of the month.

The Mechanism of regulation

Mechanical oscillator (arise-spiral): in this case, beam, provided with a spring in the shape of spiral, is animated by a regular oscillatory movement. To regulate the walk of the movement, it is enough to act on the spiral one: one increases his length if the watch advances, because of too fast oscillations, one decreases it if the watch delays, because of too slow oscillations. Another means of acting on walk: one modifies the inertia of the beam (for example: screws radially laid out).

Mechanical oscillator at sonic frequency (for example, the tuning fork of the Accutron process, used by the Bulova mark).

Electronic quartz + circuit

The energy source

A watch can draw its energy from a Ressort, which either went up by the user, or re-installed by the movements of the body that this one transmits to a called circular runner " rotor" (it is then a automatic Remontage).

A pile can also provide energy, but it should then be replaced by a news when it is exhausted (at the end of a deadline from 12 to 30 months in general for the piles with money oxide, from 7 to 10 years for the piles with lithium). The electric energy source can also be reloaded, without replacement, by the movements of the body (electronic watch automatic; processes Kinetic™ or Mecaquartz™). These movements of the body, as in the case of the keyless watch with automatic reassembly, actuate a rotor, which refill, by a device comparable with a dynamo, a condenser which stores energy thus generated. The refill of the reserve of electricity can finally be done via a photovoltaic cell (or " solaire") who generates a current, more or less important, when the dial of the watch is exposed to an artificial light or natural.

Fixing with the body

The watches of pockets (or bracket) are generally attached to the Gilet by a chain.

The wrist watches which one fixes at the wrist using a fabric or leather bracelet provided with a clasp or a loop, were invented by the “Poilu S” of the First World War, starting from adapted fob watches, by welding of handles to 12:00 and 6:00, or by fixing of the case on metal a “cradle” especially manufactured. This transformation made it possible the user to consult his chronometer in a faster and more practical way, while making it less vulnerable to the shocks or the falls.

Thependentive one, of more reduced size, and being addressed to the women, is suspended on the neck using a chain or of a ribbon.

Awaited qualities

For fulfilling its role well, a watch must have certain qualities. Among most current, let us quote:
  • exactitude (see Stop watch)
  • sealing
  • impact resistance
  • glass inrayable
  • antimagnetism

Additional functions

These additional functions (others that the simple indication of the flow of time) are generally called “complications” within the clock making community. The experts are divided as for the question of knowing if the chronographic functions (recording of the flow of time for one limited period) form part or not of the complications.

  • posting:

    • day of the month (or day of the month)
    • day of the week
    • month of the year
    • phases of the the Moon
    • perpetual Day of the month: correct in an autonomous way the duration of the month (28, 29,30,31 days)
    • time zones ( dual time in English)
    • reserve of walk
    • chart of the night sky (Constellation S)
    • coefficients of the Marée S
    • hour of the rising and to lay down sun or the moon

  • alarm clock

  • stop watch
  • put at the automatic hour by radio signal
  • repetition (sound indication of the hours, fifteen minutes and minutes)
  • equation of time
  • swirl (put in rotation of the body regulating the watch)

Components of a traditional watch

See also: Compositon of a keyless watch

The keyless watch is generally made up of five parts:

  1. clothing

  2. the movement
  3. the case
  4. the bracelet
  5. the clasp

History

This section presents the evolution of the mechanisms which made it possible the watch to become what it is today.

  • With the the Middle Ages, the clock of Beffroi

  • the driving Ressort
  • the Foliot is used like regulator
  • 1650: the pendulum is used as regulator
    • In 1657, the first clock with pendulum was built by the clock and watch maker Solomon Coster, in $the Hague, according to the instructions of the Dutch scientist, Christian Huygens (1629 - 1695).
  • In 1675, thespiral one is used like regulator
    • watch with spiral by Isaac Thuret, Master-clock and watch maker.
  • invention of the dial with 2 needles (hour and minute)
    • the London clock and watch maker Daniel Quare (1649-1724) created the current dial, which will be modified later by the addition of the needle of the seconds
  • 1680: birth of the English clock industry
    • Thomas Tompion

  • 1685 : the revocation of the edict of Nantes pushes the Huguenot S (often of the craftsmen) to take refuge, in particular with Geneva. While preaching against the manufacture of cross and chalices, Jean Calvin encouraged the goldsmiths to turn to the clock industry. Thus the Genevese clock industry and bâloise found its roots.

  • Establishment of system of “the établissage”, the divided organization of work.

    • the goldsmith Daniel Jeanrichard (1665 - 1741)
  • 1777: the Swiss clock and watch maker Abraham Louis Perrelet creates the “watch with jolts” known as perpetual, regarded as the ancestor of the automatic watch. (no document exists confirming this fact)
  • 1778: the clock and watch maker inhabitant of Li2ege Hubert Sarton deposits a document describing a “automatic rotor watch”, near the Academy of Science of Paris.
  • 1842 : Adrien Philippe, (Patek Philippe) invented the watch with winder
  • 1867: Georges-Frederic Roskopf creates the watch for the poor: the Proletarian .
    • 57 parts instead of the 200 for the other watches
  • 1904: the wrist watch is invented by Louis Cartier and Hans Wilsdorf
  • 1926: 1st actually industrialized automatic wrist watch. It was a realization of John Harwood. On the other hand, in 1922, Leon Leroy produced a watch of this kind, but it was never industrialized.
  • 1st plastic watch (the Astrolon of Tissot).
  • 1952 : first electric wrist watches (Lip)
  • 1967 : 1st wrist watch with quartz of the world, the Beta 21 (clock making electronic Center of Neuchâtel).
  • 1969: 1st quartz watch marketed (Seiko 35SQ) and 1st watch with LED (Hamilton)
    • large success of these cheap watches, in spite of the fact that to see the hour one must press on a button.
  • 1969: 1st watch with liquid crystals (Longines)
  • 1975: 1st wrist watch with quartz with analogic display by liquid crystals (Suncrux).
  • 1979 : the watch in Or more the punt of the world ( Delirium )
    • the wheels are established directly in the body
  • 1981: 1st quartz watch without Battery: a generator Thermoélectrique converts the heat flux which crosses the watch in electrical energy which is stored in an Electric fencer (Bulova, CEH).
  • 1982 : 1st plastic watch where the wheels are
    • established directly in the body (the Swatch )
  • 1990: 1st radioelectric wrist watch, radiopilotée watch ( Junghans ) receives the radio operator signals of a broadcasting transmitter who emits the hour continuously.
  • 1996 : 1st quartz watch without battery using an electrodynamic converter: a rotor actuates a generator of current stored in a Condensateur (Seiko).

Clock making marks

See also: List of the clock making marks

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