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For the other significances of the word, to see the page of Short homonymy (homonymy) .
The short (of Latin brevis , “short”) is in the beginning a Diacritique of the Greek alphabet used now like diacritic of the Latin alphabet and of the Cyrillic alphabet. It traces ˘ .
At the origin, it was used in Philologie to note a short vowel, in opposition to the Macron ( ¯ ) which indicates a long vowel. In the Cyrillic alphabet, although the vowels carrying it are generally qualified the “short ones”, it transcribes a second element of Diphtongue. Used in the modern writings, its functions often evolved/moved.
In spite of their resemblance, one should not confuse the short one and the háček, which is pointed, while the short one is round.
Examples
The short one is used in the following languages and writings:-
Belorusse: it is used on the letter у to form ў (“ U short”), being worth second element of Diphtongue; the Alphabet łacinka, Latin alternative for the Belorusse, the writing ŭ (even value);
- Russian: the short one is used on и ( й ; “ I short”) and is worth;
- Ukrainian and Bulgarian: in addition to the value of й , the letter is also used to note the /j/ consonant, for example in front of /o/: йо = /jo/ (which one notes ё or, more usually, е in Russian);
- Caucasian Languages and Turkish Languages: in the Cyrillic orthographies of nonSlavic languages, it is not rare that one made use of й and ў to note the consonants /j/ and /w/, that the Cyrillic alphabet does not know if not to simply represent;
- the short one is traditionally used in the phonetic transcriptions (Système of Bourciez, Transcription of the Germanists, International Phonetic Alphabet, etc) to indicate that the vowels are short;
- Esperanto: ŭ is worth;
- Rumanian: ă represents a Schwa/ə/;
- Chuvash: one finds the vowels with short ă and ĕ ;
- Turkish: Turkish uses it only on one consonant, G , to form the yumuşak Ge (“ G soft ”), ğ , whose pronunciation is too complex to be described here (to refer to the article on the pronunciation of this language).
- Vietnamese: in Quôc ngu, ă represents a /a/ short
Data-processing representation
The following table summarizes various codings Unicode for the characters comprising short:
To write short
On the keyboards, there exists a circumflex accent which one can add to the vowels (â E I O U), while typing, then the vowel. One calls that “circumflexe dead”.In the same way, there exists a “short dead”, who is under Windows by making AltGr + Shift + *, followed vowel. That also functions without problems under KDE/Qt (Linux). For Gnome/Gtk, it is necessary to force the use of xim by adding, in .bashrc, the following lines:
- GTK_IM_MODULE=xim
- export GTK_IM_MODULE
On Mac OS X 10.3 and Mac OS X 10.4, it is appropriate to select the method of seizure “American keyboard wide”, to type “option” + “B” and to supplement by the letter to accentuate (by taking guard with the fact that the keyboard is regarded as being QWERTY).
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