Sheaths and drains in self-help housing in France

The number, the section and the way of the sheaths and the various drains must be as soon as possible given in the study of the project. Indeed certain evacuations are done by gravity and the corresponding pipes must have a certain slope and a maximum length. From a practical point of view, it is hardly possible to make pass certain drains in the livable part, for questions of esthetics, place or noise.

See Self-help housing

Service shaft

The service shaft is a kind of tiny room of low dimension allowing the passage of varied drains (by respecting the standards of proximity) :

Heating.
Ventilation ducts mechanical,
electric Sheaths.
Cables of antenna.
Flow of waste water.
Pipings of domestic water.
Pipe suction centralized.

It is generally located at the center of the house to facilitate the distribution and connects the basement to the roofs. Closed like a wall cupboard, it must allow an access for an easy visit and be isolated acoustically. If necessary one can envisage several sheaths techniques : dryness (ventilation, electricity…) and the wet one (water, evacuation…). To think of the access, ventilation, to block the introduction of the rodents.

Medical drainage

One can distinguish three kinds of waste water produced by a habitation :

fatty Water of the sinks, charged mainly with food remains.
Water resulting from the wash-hand basins, bathroom, washing machine.
Water valves coming from the toilets.

In the case of a connection with the sewer, the totality of waste water is evacuated in the same way. It can be about it differently in the case of a house not connected to a network of cleansing.

Before the appearance of the pits all-water (which collect, like the sewers, the three kinds of waste water), it was of use to separately treat water valves to send them in a Septic tank and dirty water resulting from the toilet or kitchen which were purified in a vat decanter/grease remover then in a pozzolana filter. The two circuits were then joined together to be purified in a filter on Sable. Filtered water, nondrinkable, can however be rejected without danger in a brook or a ditch. The pit all-water replaced the septic tank and receives the whole of waste water (but not rainwater).

Electric raceways

The electric raceways of a house can reach several hundred meters length, one then may find it beneficial to organize the distribution of electricity by sectors or stages by gathering the sheaths of a sector in a beam converging towards a under-table. Each under-table is fed by a circuit on the basis of a table principal itself connected to circuit breaker EDF. Connection with the meter is generally carried out using a cable buried in a special sheath of large diameter.

The diameter of a sheath and the radiuses of its curves must allow the passage of wire and cables in any circumstance. The ringed sheaths are very practical because one can strongly curve them but it can be difficult to make there pass from wire thereafter. One will hold them for short lengths. It is necessary to avoid at all costs embedding an electric sheath with the already last drivers because it is not sure to be able to extract wire in the event of problem. An embedded sheath must be covered at least with a centimetre of coating (plaster…). In a basement or a part of service one can install apparent drains out of rigid tubes fixed by support-supports regularly spaced.

To make pass wire in a sheath cintrable embedded one makes use of a pipe cleaner or car-wire to draw the beam from drivers maintained grouped well by an assistance which will coat them talc in order to facilitate the slip. Not to hesitate to let exceed at each end of the drain a few decimetres of fils : better too than too short.

The sheaths can be fixed using collars or of supports holding on ankles adapted to the support. According to the place and dimensions of the sheath it will be necessary ankle all the 20 with 80 cm. In a floating flagstone, the sheaths are fixed in first with collars in Rilsan then the insulator is cut out to marry the layout of the sheaths which are drowned in the insulating layer. The false ceilings facilitate the passage of the sheaths which will be simply fixed on the structure. To avoid letting put back the sheaths directly on the flagstones of the ceiling.

The crossing of mural insulator by the sheaths is a cause of air intake per time of high wind, it is enough to restore the sealing on the level of the vapor barrier using adhesive tape. If the place allows it, one will may find it beneficial to pose additional sheaths to envisage future modifications of electrical installation. In the same order of idea, it is preferable to use sheaths of diameters too large that too much just, smooth rather than ringed.

Distribution of water

The distribution of domestic water is carried out according to a tree structure which starts of the meter with a pipe of large diameter (e.g. 22mm) and divides of branches then feeding the principal sectors as the kitchen, the bathroom, the toilets, the wash-house, the garden… but also water-heaters, without forgetting, if necessary, the pressurization of the central heating, the lava-hand of the garage, the shower of the basement, filling of the aquarium or the swimming pool, the tap of washing of the cars…

Each junction, small or large, must provide to be insulated and drained using a gate valve with purging. Each element “ horizontal ” must actually be sufficient inclined. Each low point must be able to be purged.

For cool water, the diameter of the tubes must be largest possible, according to the place available but also of the cost of the tubes and the valves and fittings. Everywhere where that is possible one will use curves to rather weld large ray (or realized with the bending machine) than of the elbows to 90 degrees. The pressure losses and the noises of flow will be thus limited. If two places of drawing up are used simultaneously, the flow of the one will be decreased because of the other. This disadvantage is reduced by the use of tube of larger diameter.

Certain network of water conveyance provide water with a very important pressure. One will may find it beneficial to reduce this pressure using a regulator to slow down the wear of the valves and fittings. Nevertheless to preserve a tap upstream this regulator to have water at great flow or high pressure.

Water pipelines (realization)

It is the piping coppers some which with the favor of the autoconstructeurs. Although more expensive than steel for the realization of the central heating, it is easier to implement with tools current.

It is advised to braze with the blowtorch rather than with tin. However, with low pressure the welding with tin is perfectly possible on the condition of galvanizing the male and female parts carefully. The oakum and it paste-with-joint is easier to implement than the Téflon ribbon for the sealing of the screwed connections. One will avoid the connections drowned in the partitions or the floors. To use copper tube reheats last in a plastic sheath. For the connection of the valves and fittings and fixtures (water-heater etc) and the places where complex changes of direction are obligatory, there exist very practical flexible pipes.

The crossings of walls, the circuits external or placed near an external door must be isolated thermically. The external circuits will be provided with purgings in low point.

One can also use a piping in PER: it with step to use blowtorch there, but it is not possible to form too important angles.

As for the distribution of electricity one will may find it beneficial to envisage the future uses. An extension is easy to carry out if it is enough to be connected on a gate valve.

Gas pipeline

The installation of a gas pipeline is possible for an informed amateur. However, a gas leak presents enormous security issues and the smallest error is likely to have dramatic consequences. If there is the slightest doubt, to utilize a professional who will guarantee carried out work.

Here some tracks to carry out small a installation : cylinder of butane gas to feed a hotplate, for example:

To place the bottle in a broken down place, out of reach children.
piping coppers some reheats will not have to comprise connection located in a wall cupboard, a service shaft, etc (to use a pipe of copper tube reheats of only one piece).
To insert a gate valve at each end of the drain.
To use special connections assembled in the rules of Article
To change the flexible tubes into rubber before the expiry date.

Mechanical ventilation

Controlled mechanical ventilation ensures the renewal of the air in the dwellings. Contrary to the natural ventilation which depends on the parasitic air intake by the windows, doors… it makes it possible to regulate the air flow by extracting or insufflating the air at the good places.

Extraction

The air is extracted in the parts where there is a source of pollution, risk gas leak, production of vapor or bad smells.

Kitchen: general extraction of the part in complement of the range hood. The VMC must be brought into service when the hood functions to avoid an inversion of pulling in the VMC.
Bathroom, toilets, wash-house: it is judicious this to cause the starting of the VMC when the light is lit in these parts.

Blowing

Blowing alone is not very effective because it causes the movement of the air polluted in all the dwelling. VMC double-flow is preferred to him.

VMC double flow

Points of extraction are installed as evoked above and of the points of blowing are placed in the rooms, living room, corridor… in order to cause an air circulation in the totality of housing. The motor bike-ventilator group comprises two ventilators on the same axis. The ventilator causing blowing is more powerful than the extraction in order to maintain the dwelling in light overpressure. To improve the heat balance, one uses a static exchanger of calories which heats the new air (at least when the outside temperature is lower than that of housing) using the calories taken on the foul air.

Realization

The group VMC is generally placed in the roofs, in the center of double star consisted by the whole of the sheaths of extraction on the one hand and that of the sheaths of blowing on the other hand. Although the group is not very noisy, one will may find it beneficial to move away it from the rooms to lay down and to pose it on a material not transmitting the vibrations. During the cooling of the air polluted and often wet in the exchanger with double-flow, it occurs Condensation which must be able to be evacuated. The exchangers low comprise at their point an exit on which a pipe must be connected which will evacuate the condensates towards the network of waste water. To use a siphon to avoid the increase of the bad smells.

The dimension of the sheaths is a compromise: too much narrow, the pressure loss will be more important and the noise of circulation air is likely to be audible; too much large, they will be more difficult to make pass in the suspended ceilings and the service shafts. For the principal sheaths of extraction, one can use rigid tube in PVC of diameter 100 or 125mm and all the accessories (elbows, t-pieces…) used for the evacuations of waste water. The main advantages are related on the rigidity and the solidity of the tube which makes it possible to make it pass into apparent in a part (wash-house, basement…) and its resistance to the possible rodents.

One can connect to VMC range hood located at the tops of a hotplate, that avoids installing a particular group of extraction but the flow of aspiration will undoubtedly be insufficient. In any case it is necessary to place a fire-resistant valve at the entry of the mouth of aspiration.

The mouths of blowing of the fresh air are in general placed at a few tens of centimetres of the ground while those of extraction are located highest possible. Knowing that the insufflated air is generally fresh, one will take care to direct the draft in a zone of the part where nobody with the practice to be held (reads, armchair…). If not one will be able to use a directional mouth or to lay out a folding screen on the way of the cold air.

Telephone, television, network

It is advisable to envisage at the beginning of construction the installation of sheaths which can receive cables as varied as the drivers of the telephone, intercom, warning system…).

The PVC tubes planned for the evacuations are appropriate perfectly by choosing a tube of internal diameter allowing the passage of the cable and of its connectors. One can place them in the service shafts, the insulation, thickness of a partition…

Telephone

Two elements of vocabulary of which compte should be held;: the catch of Téléphone is called circuit-closer and the box distribution, case twelve studs. The case twelve studs is installed on arrival of the outside line. From there the installation starts to feed the first catch.

For the additional catches one leaves the case twelve studs or another catch while always connecting in parallel on screws 1 and 3. It is advised to connect only two wire instead of the eight recommended by France Telecom, without what of the problems of induction or continuous ringing can arrive. To install a catch in each part of the house is judicious, because it is envisaged in the near future that by the telephone the Télévision will pass.

It is always necessary to install a cable in rigid Cuivre and with the adapted section.

Television

To envisage one or more sheaths going of the roofs to each part likely to accommodate a television set.

Data-processing network

The Wifi systems and " Running porteur" the connections between computers facilitate but it can be preferable to connect between them certain computers by cables. The latter can be last in the sheaths planned for television or the telephone.

This article is directly with Autoconstruction

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