The Seconde Restauration is the political regime of the France of 1815 with 1830. It succeeds the Hundred Days which had seen Napoleon briefly returning to the capacity. Louis XVIII thus succeeds to him irrevocably. He follows one period of political stability, and 15 years a peace external. One sees there the original experiment of a Constitutional monarchy after the Revolution, but also a training of new freedoms which were acquired.

A difficult return

Louis XVIII returns to Paris on July 8th 1815. It forms a government with Talleyrand and Fouché. But its return is sullied by the second Traité with Paris, less favorable than the first. The France loses the the Saar, the Savoy, like some communes of the Pays of Gex, Landau, Philippeville and Mariembourg. The foreign occupation is decided. Louis XVIII raises a loan of 100 franc million to pay the expenses of occupation. But France is placed under supervision until in 1818, and the occupation is very dure.
It is not the only concern for Louis XVIII, who must contain the fury of the extremists, absolutist monarchists. Those Ci perpetuate massacres towards the Napoleonean ones after the Hundred Days, it is the “white Terreur”. Notable the, hostile ones with Napoleon, the Ultra S with the Room at the time of the first elections elect. Those publish a series of repressive laws between October 1815 and July 1816. Legal Terror stops 70.000 people on political grounds.

Stabilization of the country

At the summer 1816, Louis XVIII dissolves what it calls the “untraceable Room”. Chateaubriand rises and proclaims a famous sentence: “the king reigns but does not control”. It is the failure of the extremists, too radical. Pure the liberal enters the majority. They wish an strict application of the Charter. The constitutional moderate ones are most numerous. The duke of Richelieu makes pass from the liberal laws: Loi Woolly (1817) simplifies the vote by the direct suffrage and supports the liberal urban middle-class, the Loi Gouvion-Saint-Cyr which organizes military recruitment by drawing lot. The noble ones do not enter automatically any more as an officer. Decazes directs the government starting from 1818. Dessolles supports economic development and freedom of the press by abolishing the censure (Serres laws).

Being based on political stability, the country will know one period of economic prosperity. The population growth settles, which creates an abundant rural labor available and an interior market in progression. One supports the West-Indian traffic and the interior market by protectionist measurements against English competition. The agricultural production remains dominant, but the Industrial revolution starts. Lyon becomes more the industrial big city of the world in 1820. But the assassination of the Duke of Berry, wire of Charles X and heir to the throne, puts an end to the liberal opening on February 13rd, 1820.

The reaction absolutist

In reaction, the extremists make countryside against Decazes, which is constrained to resign. The duke of Richelieu forms a government then. This one suspends freedom of the press, restores the censure. The students and the workmen demonstrators are repressed. The law of the double vote supports the upper middle class. The liberals and moderate are rolled with the elections of November 1820. Jean-Baptiste de Villèle arrives at the capacity one year later. It suspends the newspapers of opposition in 1822, diagram the Université, place primary school education under the direction of the bishops, the priests enter the Secondary education. It follows a policy of repression against the secret societies (Charbonnerie, the Union). Between 1821 and 1822, they organize several risings. One carries out members (Four sergeants of the La Rochelle, September 1822). Villèle and Chateaubriand with the foreign affairs engage France against the Spain in 1823 to restore monarchy absolutist. Victory of Cadiz place France in the powers absolutists. In December 1823, the Room is dissolved, the extremists triumph. The legislature is fixed at seven years. Louis XVIII dies on September 16th 1824, leaving the extremists alone to the capacity.

The reign of Charles X

The count d' Artois goes up on the throne. It is a chief of the ultra, nostalgic party of the Ancien Mode. In April 1825, it makes pass the law of compensation for the emigrants. The liberals criticize “the billion the emigrants” who benefit 250.000 privileged. It decides to join again with the royal sacring with Rheims, in 1825. Villèle continues its action, and looks after the relations with the Église. The Sunday rest is imposed, one prohibits the Divorce. In the cities, one attends a spiritual reconquest of the priests. Mgr Frayssinous is named with the State education. The flights of liturgical objects are condemned to death. In 1828, it is the return of the Jésuite S. But the opinion distant vis-a-vis the commemorations of died of Louis XVI.

The fall of Villèle

The opposition profits from a new generation of liberals, historians like Augustin Thierry, Michelet or Guizot, which preaches the decline of the aristocracy. Two lawyers, Thiers and Mignet publish stories of the French revolution. The philosopher Cousin animates the liberal newspaper “the Earth” in 1824. They have the support of the Parisian middle-class, Laffite and Casimir Perier at the head. These liberals oppose to the extremists. In 1826, the “Droit of seniority” is rejected by the Room of the pars. Villèle is seen refusing a repressive law on the press in 1827. The Republicans awake by animating newspapers and associations of students. Villèle sees its majority dividing, with a current progressist directed by Chateaubriand, drawn aside from the government since 1824. “The newspaper of the debates” supports this aristocratic liberalism. The funeral of the general Foy, hero of the Empire, gathers 100.000 opponents in 1825. The name of Villèle is decried in 1827.
Charles X and his minister try to react, during one economic crisis period. Villèle dissolves the National guard, which causes the lower middle class which will enlarge the flood of the opponents. In 1827, the censure is restored, 76 new pars faithful to the mode are named. In November, the House of Commons is dissolved, one hopes to take the liberals speed. In vain, because Guizot, prepared, takes along the countryside, which leads to a triumph of the liberals and party “of the defection” of Chateaubriant. Villèle resigns in January 1828.

The fall of the king

Charles X must compose with the elected majority, and names the Viscount of Martignac, which will follow a liberal policy. One removes with the Jesuits the direction of eight colleges in 1828, one limits the religious congregations in teaching. The law on the press of July 1828 softens the mode. One controls the electoral rolls to avoid a “monarchical drift”, Cousin and Guizot takes again the courses. But Martignac is criticized by the extremists for his liberalism, and by the liberals for his too timid policy. It must withdraw in 1829.

The king names then Polignac, ultra pure and hard, which causes the anger of the liberals. He becomes president of the council in November 1829. The capacity and the room enter in conflict during March 1830. Royer-Collard writes a petition against the royal policy, signed by 221 deputies out of 402: the Address of the 221. Charles X dissolves the Room, the moderate ministers resign, the crisis spreads.

The elections take place in July 1830. To improve royal prestige for this expiry, the operation of Algiers is launched on May 25th. It is a question of conquering this territory. But the catch of Algiers is known only on July 9th, during the elections. It is too late, the opposition draws a crushing majority from it. July 25th, Charles X suspends freedom of the press, dissolves the Room, reduced the number of the voters by the 4 Ordonnances of Saint-Cloud. The new elections are fixed in September. For the opinion, it is a true coup d'etat. The atmosphere is tended. July 27th, of the journalists protest. The deputies are then passive. But the tense atmosphere, agitated by the Republicans who organize Parisian crowd will start the “Glorious Three” (27, July 28th, 29th and th 1830, to see article ). The middle-class men recover the Parisian revolution, refuse the negociations of the king. The general lieutenancy of the kingdom is entrusted to Louis-Philippe of Orleans. August 2nd, Charles X abdicates in favor of his grandson the duke of Bordeaux, and entrusts regency to the duke of Orleans. This last refuses, Charles X must leave in exile.

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