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Origins

The quốc ngữ is not the oldest writing of the Vietnam, far from there. It indeed replaced old local writings, like the Chữ name, system of Idéo-sound record S formed starting from the Sinogramme S and used between the 12th century and the 20th century of the Christian era, as well as the chữ Hán, “Chinese writing”, (or chữ nho, “erudite writing”), which is simply traditional Chinese ; the Chinese Langue indeed was that of the administration and the capacity during the Chinese domination (of 111 before the Christian era with 939 of the Christian era and during the dynasty of the Nguyễn which reached the capacity in 1804, following the coup d'etat carried out by that which was going to become the emperor Long Gia, and officially left it in 1954, date of the abdication of Bảo Đại).

As of 1527, Jésuite S Portuguese on mission of evangelization in Vietnam started to use the Latin alphabet (makes some mainly in its Portuguese version) to write the local language. It is the Jésuite born in Avignon, Alexandre of Rhodos (1591 - 1660), which compiled, improved and systematized the systems of transcription of its predecessors missionaries, in particular Francisco de Pina, between 1624 and 1644. Its first work printed in the current Latinized writing is a dictionary Vietnamese-Portuguese-Latin published in 1651, taken again of a dictionary Portuguese-Vietnamese of Gaspar C Amaral and António Barbosa.

This transcription, become very popular, acquired the statute of official orthography of the language in 1918 in the French school system intended for the natives (in competition until there with the two other writings) under the pressure of the French colonists wishing:

to uproot the independence movements related to intelligentsia writing in Chinese characters;
to quickly obtain interpreters, relay of the action of the colonizers.

The quốc ngữ was a tool for democratization of education, since simpler to learn than the writing traditional Vietnamese which requires a preliminary training of Chinese. It is the official writing of the administrations Vietnameses since 1954. Chinese having been preserved in his statute of official language of the imperial administration by the colonizers.

Alphabetical order

One counts 37 Graphème S (29 letters and 8 Digramme S)

A/a, Ă/ă, Â/â, B/b, C/c, Ch/ch, D/d, Đ/đ, E/e, Ê/ê, G/g, Gi/gi, H/h, I/i, K/k, Kh/kh, L/l, M/m, N/n, Ng/ng, Nh/nh, O/o, Ô/ô, Ơ/ơ, P/p, Ph/ph, Q/q, R/r, S/s, T/t, Th/th, Tr/tr, U/u, Ư/ư, V/v, X/x, Y/y

Structure

The quốc ngữ follows the same principles as the Pinyin: the transcription is phonological and not Phonétique; the alphabetical notation of a insulating Langue like Vietnamese dissimulates certain facts inherent in the syllabic structure of the language: the phonemes, indeed, are not in free distribution; each element of the Syllable, attacks, core and coded, can be occupied only by certain phonemes. To present the quốc ngữ in an alphabetical way thus requires to indicate which positions each Phonème can represent. For more details, to consult the article “pronunciation of Vietnamese”.

Letters

When a Digramme is written on the same line as a simple letter, it is only about one contextual allographe, which does not have the statute of independent nature (with the manner of our digraph Ge in jail , which does not represent that “G soft” in front of has , O and U ). The phonetic values are indicated in API. When two values are provided, the first is that of the North Vietnamese, the second that of the South; as there exist many dialectal variations, these values are most commonly allowed.

Diacritic

Fundamental

The Diacritic S used, in addition to the registered Bar of the đ (letter not to confuse with a edh Germanic 2D ), relate to mainly the vowels:

the Circumflexe on â , E and O mark semi-closed character. It is a direct influence of the Portuguese orthography;
the horn on ơ and ư nonround character;
the Brève is only on ă .

Diacritic for let us tons

Standard Vietnamese has six tons, which are noted in the writing by means of five diacritic (the flat tone average being represented by the absence of diacritic), the Grave accent, the Crochet as a chief, the Tilde, the Acute accent and the Point subscribed. These diacritic is added to those which carry, if necessary, vowels.

Let us tons of Vietnamese are described in detail in the article Prononciation of Vietnamese .

Orthography

The uses of the Romance Languages, particularly those of the Portuguese, are found in the orthography (work of Alexandre of Rhodos, indeed, took again those of Portuguese missionaries):

is written Q in front of U to form the Digramme qu , K in front of the vowels of before E , E and I , C elsewhere;
is written G in front of the vowels of back but gh in front of those of front;
follows the same principles: ng / ngh ;
is written with the Portuguese, nh .

The Portuguese influence (and not “Hispanic”) in the orthography is noted easily:

nh for (against ñ Hispanic);
the use of the tilde on vowels (not noting however the nasalisation), proceeded that do not know the Hispanic orthographies;
the use of X and S for and (in the South), phonemes which go up, according to Nguyễn Ðình-Hoà (article “Vietnamese” of section 59, “Adaptations off the Roman Alphabet”, of The World' S Writing Systems of Peter Daniels and William Bright), with (/s/ laminal, resembling one) and old, which the missionaries simply noted with the Portuguese by X and S . The phonetic evolution, however, makes that the orthography is now reversed compared to Portuguese;
the use of the Circumflex accent to mark the semi-closed character of the vowels. Let us recall that in Portuguese â =, E and O , exactly as in quốc ngữ, and that the Hispanic languages are unaware of the circumflex accent.

Data-processing representation

VISCII ( Vietnamese Standard Codes for Information Interchanges ), and to a lesser extent CP1258, are pages of code conceived to represent the characters of the quốc ngữ.

When one lays out only of the characters ASCII, one uses convention Vietnamese Quoted-Readable (VIQR).

The Unicode - standard in universal matter - gradually replaces the pages of codes specific to each written language.

Vietnamese;
Pronunciation of Vietnamese;
romanisation ;
Langue with let us tons.

External bonds

VietPad, a Unicode editor of Vietnamese for any capable system to carry out a virtual Machine Java.
UniKey, for Windows and Linux - File of configuration to use Unikey (version 4 and + ) with a French keyboard: ti_frvnmap.txt

Simple: Quốc Ngữ

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