The science and technology in Iran , like the country itself, have a long story. The Perse was one of the cradles of civilization. The Iranian contributed significantly to the modern knowledge of the Nature, of the Médecine, the Mathématiques and the Philosophie. The Persan ones for example, founded the Algèbre, discovered the wind force and the alcohol.

Science in Persia

Before the arrival of Islam

There does not exist much of information with proposes evolution of science in Iran during Antiquity. It is however established that science and knowledge knew a great progress at the period Sassanide (226 with 652). The Académie of Gundishapur can be quoted in example on this subject; it became at the time sassanide a recognized center of medical medicine, reputation which lasted even after the Islamic Conquête of Persia. It is within this academy that the oldest hospital of known teaching was founded.

In 1700 av. JC, the windmills were developed by the Babylonian . They were used to pump water being used for the irrigation. Later, of the Persan inventors improved this windmill into 644.

The existence of astronomical tables such as the Tables of Shahryar and observatories, which were imitated later by the astrologers and the astronomers of the Islamic period prove the importance of astronomy in Persia during the Sassanide dynasty.

In certain books writes in language Pehlevi, one fear of meeting many references on scientific subjects (divinities, natural science, mathematics…)

The medical and veterinary tests, of the regulations and the expressions mentioned in the Dinkart (dating from the Sassanide period) are very interesting. Certain books written later in Arab were initially books which were initially written in Pehlevi or in Syriaque. Among these books, one finds books treating of agriculture, diseases, poultry, education processing of the children, strategies of war…

In the middle of the Sassanide era, many knowledge made their appearance in Persia coming from the Occident in the form of knowledge and the traditions of the Greece which, in these times of expansion of the Christianisme were transmitted in Syriaque, the official language of the Christians of the time, like in Iranian script nestorien. The Christian schools in Iran formed of the scientists like Nersi, Farhad and Marabai. A book was also written into syriaque by Paulus Persa, dedicated to the King sassanide Khosro Ier Anushiravan.

Other large Masters were the product of scientific and theological schools similar, one can quote Ibrahim Madi, Hibai the translator, Marbab Gondishapuri and Paulus wire of Khaki of Karkhe.

The arrival of 7 Greek disciples of the school Neo-Platonist (Damascius the Syrian, Simplicius Cilicien, Eulamius the Phrygian one, Priscianus Lydian, Hermas and Diogène both of Phénicie, Isidore of Gaza) because of the mode of the Roman Emperor Justinien was an aubaine for science in Persia. King Khosro Ier discusses many times with these men, particularly with that named Priscianus the Lydian. A summary of these discussions was compiled in one entitled book " Answers to certain questions of Khosor, king de Perse" , we have only one Latin translation of the 9th century, Solutiones eorum quibus dubitavit Chosroes Persarum rex . These discussions cover various subjects, of which philosophy, physiology, metabolism, the natural science and astronomy.

The invention of the first batteries would date from the time Parthian or Sassanide. Certain archeologists suggest that these batteries were used at medical ends, others believe that they were used in order to make a electrolysis

Period following the arrival of Islam in Persia

The philosophy of the Islamic period was influenced by the Greece, the India and by the Iran of the pre-Islamic period. Ibn Khurram written in its book Al Melal wa Al-Nehal that Rhazes took as a starting point the five principles of ancient Iranian in whom it believed:

• the creator - Ahura Mazda
• Satan - Ahriman
• moment - time
• the place
• gasoline - the spirit

The same thing is mentioned by Al Masudi in its book Moruj OZ-Zahab . Sohrevardi mentions in the foreword of its book of philosophical quotations of the terms borrowed from the Old man-Persan language and of expressions which derive from the zoroastriens and of the Manicheans.

The Abbassides gave a special attention to science in their court of Baghdad, just as the various leaders of Persia like the Khwârazm-Shahs, the Samanides, the Ziyarides and the Bouyides, and this interest reached its peak at the end of the 11th century and at the beginning of the 12th century, but the decline was notable after the invasions Mongolian Turkmènes and .

The Iranian scientists knew the Syriaque, the Greek and the Means-Persan and sciences originating in India, and translated many scientific books into Arab. These scientists were for example Al Bakhtyashu, Naubakht, Al-Masouyeh, Abdollah Ibn Moqaffa, Omar Ibn Farakhan Tabari, Ali Ibn Ziad Tammimi, Ibn Sahl, Yusof Al Naqel, Isa Ibn Chaharbakht, Yatr Ibn Rostam Al Kouhi and Abu Reyhan Biruni, celebrates translator of Indian works.

The knowledge of ancient Greece, India and Alexandria was thus translated into Arabic by scientists of Persian and Arab origin, thus creating one of largest the scientific treasure of the Middle Ages.

One of the largest mathematicians of the Early middle ages (9th century) is Al-Khuwarizmi, whose work influenced the Islamic and Western culture after the 12th century. This mathematician compiled tables of figures which it names Algorithme, and developed the Algèbre, making revive by his work the old system arithmetic Iranian and Indian which was used before him. Its work in algebra was represented into Latin by Gerard de Crémone in a work entitled Of will jebra and almucabola . Robert de Chester also translated the work under the title Liber will algebras and almucabala . There is not any doubt that work of Khwarizmiont exerted a major influence on the development of the mathematical thought in the medieval occident

Mathematics was developed thereafter by Abu Abbas Fazl Hatam, the brothers Banu Musa, Farahani, Omar Ibn Farakhan, Abu Zeid Ahmad Ibn Soheil Balkhi, Abul Vafa Bouzjani, Abu Jaafar Khan, Bijan Ibn Rostam Kouhi, Ahmad Ibn Abdul Jalil Qomi, Bu Nasr Iraqi, Abu Reyhan Biruni, Omar Khayyam Neishaburi, Qatan Marvazi, Massoudi Ghaznavi, Nasir AD-DIN At-Tusi, and Ghiasseddin Jamshidi Kashani between the 9th century and the 13th century.

In medicine, Mansour Davaniqi, the founder of Baghdad, invites scientists of Gundishapur to living in the city. Among them was an Iranian Christian nestorien named Jurjis Ibn Jebreel Ibn Bakhtyasu which wrote a detailed book of medicine which contained all the subjects known at the time. The first Moslem has to write in connection with medicine was Iranian, Ali Ibn Rabn Tabari, which compiled all the medical knowledge coming from Greece, India and Persia antique.

Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya Al-Razi (known as Rhazes), at the 10th century, writing of the books of medicine which were translated into Latin and were printed several times thereafter. In addition to compiling subjects according to the old books, Rhazes was also based on its own experience. Its disciple Abu Bakr Joveini wrote the first modern book of medicine complete in Persan, which is one of the oldest works written in this language. Rhazes is regarded as the founder of medicine practical and the inventor of the weight net or rough of the matter.

The third important author in medicine is Ali Ibn Abbas Majussi Ahwazi, doctor of the court of the emir bouyide “Adhud AD-Dawla Fannâ Khusraw, whose works have translated they-also into Latin then reprinted several times. These books were regarded as the best most complete works and in the medical field before the appearance of Abu Ali Sina (Avicenne), which wrote many books and tests on various scientific subjects. Its Guns or Precepts of medicine was used during centuries by Europeans.

Many goods doctors appeared since Avicenne, but none had the importance of Zinn-ol-Abedin Esmail Jorjani. Its book is even more complete than the Canons of Avicenne, and is regarded as the best medical book ever written in Persan. The Iranians were then also very prolific on other subjects like the Botanique, the Pharmacologie, the Chimie, the Zoologie and the Minéralogie. The most famous scientists in these fields were Rhazes and Abu Reyhan Biruni, which them also made discoveries. It is thought that alcohol and the sulphuric Acid were discovered by Rhazes, and that Biruni calculated the density of many substances in a very precise way

About the year 1000, Al-Biruni writes an astronomical encyclopedia which approaches the possibility that the ground could turn around the sun well before Tycho Brahe does not draw the first sky charts, using animals to represent the constellations.

At the 13th century, Nasir AD-DIN At-Tusi developed a basic theory of the evolution - more than 600 years before Charles Darwin. There exist key differences between the approach of Tusi and that which Darwin in develops the Origin of the species . Whereas Darwin uses the deductive theory, collecting samples of plants and animals to work starting from the facts on the theory, Tusi uses a more theoretical approach. Tusi explains why the " variability héréditaire" is the principal force of the evolution. He writes that all the living organisms were able to change, and that the animated organizations developed thanks to their hereditary variability: " the organizations which can gain new characteristics more quickly are more variable. They then gain advantages on others créatures." That resembles much a form simplified of what Darwin in connection with the changes wrote. Tusi was right when it suggested: The bodies change because of the internal and external interactions - what wants to say because of the environmental influences. Tusi wrote: look at the world of the animals and birds. They have all that is necessary for them to be defended, to be protected and live with the daily newspaper, of which the suitable force, courage and tools . Tusi believed that the human ones was derived from advanced animals. He wrote in connection with the various forms of transition between the human and animal world, while saying: Such human of the monkeys anthropoïdes veivent in the south of Sudan and other corners of the world. They are close to the animals by their practices and their behavior . Tusi said that the human ones were related to all the alive and inanimate creatures of Nature: The human one has characteristics which distinguish it from the other creatures, but it has other characteristics which link it with the animal world, the vegetable kingdom and even with the inanimate bodies. .

Sciences in modern Iran

The Iranian scientists open with precaution with the outside world, and they try to make revive the golden age of science in Persia. Many scientists, as well as the Iranian Academy of medical sciences and the Academy of Science of Iran are implied in this revival. Iran multiplied by ten its publications between 1996 and 2004 and was classified first in term of growth rate, followed by the China

Iran is the good example of a country which made considerable advances while concentrating on education and training. In spite of the sanctions undergone during the decades spent, the Iranian scientists all the same produced searchs for very good quality. Their rate of publication in the international newspapers quadrupled during the last decade. Although this rate of publication is always very low compared to the developed countries, that places Iran in the first place among the Islamic countries.

By considering the brain drain in the country, and the poverty of its diplomatic relations and political with the the United States and other Western countries, the Iranian scientific community remain productive, even if the American economic sanctions make difficult the purchase of equipment by the universities or sending scientists in order to attend conferences abroad (particularly in the United States). According to a study made in 2005, there exist services of hematology and pediatric oncology in practically all the big cities of the country, where 43 pediatrists certified by a council look after the children reached of cancer or hematologic disorders. There exists also a programme of partnership between the professionals of this speciality and 3 medical centres university for children. In addition to hematology, the Gastro-entérologie also attracted many medical students. The research center in gastro-enterology of the Université of Teheran produced a growing number of publications since the arrival of these students.

Modern transplantations of bodies go back to 1935, when the first transplantation of the cornea was made by Professor Mohammad-Qoli Shams at the Farabi hospital of Teheran. The center of Nemazi transplantation of Shiraz is also one of the units pionnières in terms of Clerc's Offices, which operated the first Clerc's Office of Rein in 1967 and the first Clerc's Office of Foie in 1995. The first Clerc's Office of heart made in Iran goes back to 1993 with Tabriz. The first Clerc's Office of lung took place in 2001, and the first transplantation artificial heart-lung took place in 2002, both with the Université of Teheran. Currently, the Clerc's Offices of kidneys, livers and heart are made in a current way in Iran. The bank of Iranian fabrics is the first and the only fabric multi-installations bank of the country and began these activities in 1994. In June 2000, the law authorizing the transplantation of the bodies after brain death was voted by the Parliament, law followed by the creation of the Iranian network for transplantations of body. This law helped to increase the programmes of Clerc's Office of hearts, lungs and livers. In 2003, Iran had grafted 131 livers, 77 hearts, 7 lungs, 211 spinal-cords, 20.581 corneas. The sources of these donations of organs are to 82% of the donors external with the family, for 8% of the family members, the 10% remainders being bodies taken on people died while having made the gift. The rate of survival of the grafted patients of a kidney at three years was of 92,9% and the rate of survival in 40 months was of 85,9%.

The Iranian government devotes important funds to research in the field of state-of-the-art technologies like the Nanotechnologie, the Biotechnologie, of the original cells and information technologies.

In 2005, Iran produced its first rice genetically modified, whose production was authorized by the authorities, and who is currently cultivated with commercial goals. In more with genetically modified rice, Iran produced several plants GMO in laboratory, like Maïs, Coton, potato and beet resisting the insects; corn more resistant to salinity and the dryness. The first animal clone of Iran (a ewe) was born on August 2nd, 2006

The Iranian government devotes 150 billion rials (approximately 15 d'€ million) to build a Télescope, an observatory and a training program, doing everything part of a plan aiming at built the bases in terms of astronomy in the country. Iran can find collaborators international and become competitive in this field, declares Carl Akerlof (university of Michigan), an adviser for the Iranian project. For a government which is famous being being wary towards the foreigners, it is a significant development.

Parallel to academic research, several companies were founded in Iran during the last decades. CinnaGen Inc., for example, founded in 1992, is one of the companies of biotechnology pionnières in the area. CinnaGen gained the Biotechnological Récompenses of the Innovation for Asia 2005 thanks to their discoveries and their successes in biotechnological research. The companies of software development have a very strong growth. To the CeBIT 2006, ten Iranian companies of software presented their products

Iran organizes every year of the international festivals of science. The Kharazmi International festival of fundamental sciences and the annual festival of Razi medical research aim to promote original research in science, technology and medicine in Iran.

Iranian accommodates always readily the scientists of the whole world for a visit or the participation in seminars or in order to collaborate. Many prizes winner of the Nobel Prize like Bruce Alberts, F. Sherwood Rowland, Kurt Wüthrich and Pierre-Gilles of Genoa visited Iran after the Iranian Révolution. Certain universities accommodated American and European scientists as university lecturers during decades.

Contribution of Iranian to modern science

The Iranian scientists contribute to work of the international scientific community. Here a list of some discoveries and innovations due to Iranian scientists:

• In 1960, Ali Javan invented the gas laser first .
• In 1973, the fuzzy Logique was developed by Lotfi Zadeh.
• the artificial Cœur was invented by an Iranian cardiologist, Toffy Musivand.
• the glycosylée Hémoglobine was discovered by Samuel Rahbar then introduced into the medical community.
• the theorem of Vafa-Witten was proposed by Cumrun Vafa, a theorist of the cords of Iranian origin and its colleague Edward Witten.
• the equation of KPZ draws its name from its discoverer, Mehran Kardar, an Iranian physicist.
• the discovery of the spermatogonic original cells is due to Karim Nayernia
• the invention of the molecular systems with organized replication is worth the price Feynman 1998 with Reza Ghadiri.
• microscopy under shearing is invented by Mehdi Vaez-Iravani.

According to a study of the Massachusetts Institute off Technology, the Iranian scientists with the the United States have or control more than 880 billion US$.

Medicine in Iran

The practice and the study of the Médecine in Iran have a long story. The country with being crossroads between the East and the occident, it frequently was in the center of the developments at the same time of Greek and Indian medicine. Many contributions specific to Iran also have took place during the pre and post-Islamic periods.

The first Hôpital of teaching known, where the students were authorized to practice on patients under the supervision of doctor in order to perfect their education, belonged to the Académie of Gundishapur, founded during the period Sassanide. Certain experts even say that the concept of hospital was invented in Persia.

The idea of the Clerc's Office would date from the time Achéménide, as proves it engravings of the many dreams always present at Persépolis.

Several documents always exist, from which one can know the défitions and the treatments of the medieval headaches in Persia. The doctors list various signs and symptoms, the apparent causes and the hygienic and dietetic rules allowing to prevent the headaches. The medieval writings are at the same time right and alive, and get a long list of substances used in order to treat the migraines. Many approaches of the Persian doctors of the Middle Ages are still accepted today, however, even more could be used in modern medicine.

At the 20th century, in the Shah Nameh, Ferdowsi describes a Césarienne carried out on Rudaba when it gives the life, Cesarean during which is used a mixture containing Vin for the anesthesia, prepared by a priest zoroastrien. Although largely mythical, this passage illustrates the medical knowledge of the anesthesia in ancient Persian.

After the Islamic Conquête of Persia, medicine continued to flower thanks to the rise of Rhazes and Ali Abbas, even if it is Baghdad which became the heiress of the medical academy of Gundishapur.

The first medical encyclopedia in Persan, instead of usual the Lingua franca which was then Arabic, entitled Dhakhira-i Khwarazmshahi , was written between 1111 and 1136 by Sayyed Ismail Gorgani.

One can have an idea of the number of pounds made up into Persan in Zur Quellenkunde der Persischen Medizin of Adolf Fonahn, published in 1910 with Leipzig. The author enumerates more than 400 works of medicine into Persan, by excluding those as Avicenne which wrote in Arabic. The Meyerhof historiographers, Casey Wood, and Hirschberg raised the names of at least 80 authors who contributed to treaties of Ophtalmologie since the beginning of the 9th century until the 14th century.

Separately, one can find two other works which drew the attention in medieval Europe: Materia Medica (950 approx.) of Abu Mansur Muwaffaq and the illustrated Anatomy of Mansur ibn Muhammad written in 1396.

Modern academic medicine starts in Iran with the establishment of a medical school with Joseph Cochran with Orumieh in 1878. The Web site of the university of Orumieh says that it is with him that one can allot the creation of the " first medical school contemporaine" as well as the fall of infant mortality in the area.

References

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