Sardinian

Phonetics, morphology and syntax

Phonetics

Vowels: the ĭ and the ŭ (short) of Latin preserved their original stamps ( I and U ). Example: siccus becomes sikku (and not as in French, dry or in Italian, secco ). Another characteristic is the absence of Romance Diphtongaison. Example: seed hole becomes podet (delivery sometimes poðet ), and not as in Italian può , in Spanish puede or in French can , where a diphthong appears.

Very archaïsant is also the maintenance of K and of G in front of E and I . Example: kentu for hundred French , or cento in Italian.

An original character of the Sardinian is the evolution of in. It is a Phonème cacuminal, often transcribed with a ḍ ( D pointed). Example beḍḍu for bello (beautiful, in Italian). This feature would be due to the Substrat of a hypothetical language paléo-Sardinian, badly known, and sometimes indicated like nouragic language (of the Nuraghe). In any case, this sound existed before the conquests phenicians or Roman and is found in particular in Corse-du-Sud and Sicily.

Morphology and syntax

the Sardinian definite article is original because it resulting from ipse (whereas in the Romance languages, the origin is generally ille , illu ), from where is known , its in the singular and S.O.S , hopper in the plural. Forms of of the same article etymology are found as a Catalan baléare.
the mark of plural is - S, as in all the Western Romania (French, occitan, Catalan, Castilian, Portuguese). Examples: sardu, sardus - pudda, puddas (hen) - margiani, margianis (fox).
the future is built with the Latin form habeo AD . Example: app' has istàre (I will remain).
prohibition builds with a negation ( not ) followed subjunctive, as in the Romance languages of the Iberian peninsula and in occitan. Example: not bengias! (do not come!).

Linguistic history and influences

See also: History of Sardinia

It would seem that there was in Sardinia a very remote Substrat linguistic (former to the eras Phénicie and Romans): the nouragic language (paléo-Sardinian), one of the chief features of which is the Its cacuminal, particular phoneme present in other Italian southernmost languages (and in the certain shapes of Corsican) but also in Hindi or Swedish.

The Latin nevertheless was the mother language of the Sardinian. The examination of the linguistic facts tends to prove that the Latin of Sardinia did not know some of the evolutions which have on the other hand affected all the continental Romania , which would have occurred in Ier century. Relaxation of the bonds with peninsular Italy (for lack of frequent maritime bonds?) continues until the arrival of the Vandales. The Corsica and Sardinia had, at the origin, the same speech that one regards as a residual witness of the African Romania . But this speech is gradually Toscan ized in Corsica and in the north of Sardinia, whereas the center and the south of Sardinia preserved their antiquated speeches.

Sardinia, near to the Italy, was indeed conquered by Rome as of 238 av. J. - C. and constituted, with the Corsica , one of the attics with corn of Rome. But two or three centuries after its conquest, it seems to be a little forgotten or forsaken by the Empire, producing an insulation which explains the archaism of the Sardinian. At the 5th century, the Vandals, Germanic people having migrated during the great shifts in population of the time, settle in Sardinia. They will be followed by the Moslem . Nevertheless, these people influenced the language very little.

Sardinia will belong during a time to the city-State of Pisa from where a strong toscanisation, especially noted in the north of the island like also in Corsica. Then, of 1326 with 1713, it is under Spanish domination (Catalan, then Castilian), which produced a Catalan Superstrat, then Castilian, which strongly influenced the language, especially in the field of the administration, Sardinian being prohibited to it. The Italian (Tuscan) becomes the official language of the kingdom in 1764.

In 1861, the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (capital: Turin) is naturally included in what will be the new kingdom of Italy. In 1948, the island acquires a relative autonomy (it remains an area of Italy) but however important: it constitutes an area with special statute, with a regional Parliament and a district council, with at its head an elected president.

Dialects

The Sardinian has two large dialectal varieties, one more definitely antiquated, more in contact with superstrata Italian S and Spanish S.

the logoudorais or logoudorien , spoken in center-north, divided into three under-dialects:

the septentrional ;
the logoudorais (logoudorien) central or nuorais (around the town of Nuoro), most antiquated;
the logoudorais (logoudorien) common par excellence, recognized like the Sardinian.

the campidanais , spoken in the southern part of the island (town of Cagliari), at the same time more influenced by the Italian and typologiquement nearer to the southernmost Italian speeches:

the cagliaritain in the area of the capital of Sardinia;
the ogliastrais in the Eastern central zone (Province of Ogliastra);
the iglesientais in the southern Western zone of the island (Province of Carbonia-Iglesias).

In their major written forms, one distinguishes a logudorese illustrates and a campidanese illustrates , forms standardized which dispute literary supremacy. An effort of unification, in particular by a unified written standard, comprehensible and usable by all the speakers.

If SIL International distinguishes, within a Sardinian macro-language (identifier srd ), four individual languages:

Campidanese Sardinian * Logudorese Sardinian * Gallurese Sardinian * Sassarese Sardinian ,

neither the sdn , nor the sdc , very close relations between them, correspond to the definition of a Sardinian macro-language. Their features are clearly Toscan S, with a plural in - I, an Italian article but with vocabulary and certain Sardinian features like the Its cacuminal. The Sardinian was used of Superstrat or Adstrat for these two alternatives. They correspond to a band in the northern part of the island: the sassarese (or Sassarais) in the area of Sassari, opposite the mouths of Bonifacio, and the Gallurais (Province of Olbia-Tempio), both very close to the Corsica of Sartène with which they are intercompréhensibles. Some linguists consequently attach them rather to the Toscan that with the Sardinian dialects, being given their toscanisation of the XI {{E}} to the 14th century, and thus make two subdivisions of the Corsican of them; others, for reasons of regional regrouping, put them on an equal footing with the two alternatives evoked above.

To also note the presence in Sardinia of other Romance varieties: (1) in the West, in the town of Alghero (Alguer as a Catalan), persists the Catalan, in an antiquated form: the Alguérois; in South-west, in the islands of San Pietro and Sant' Antioco (Carloforte, Calasetta) remains a dialect Ligure Tabarquin, near to the génois).

Aspects socio-linguistics

The Sardinian first to have evoked it and its archaïsant character are Dante which wrote in particular in vulgari eloquentia that the Sardinians were the Italian S not to only have their clean vulgar Langue, because they imitate Latin as the monkeys imitate the men .

However the Sardinian language has a long-lived written tradition even if it did not forge a standard durable. During the domination aragon ease, the Catalan was the official language, supplanted soon by the Castillan, then by the Italian (in 1764) within the framework of the Savoyard Royaume). The presence of small islands allophones (see above), in particular with Alghero (since the 14th century) and in the islands of San Pietro and Sant' Antioco (since the 18th century) constitutes a trace of these historical facts.

An eminently important role for the conservation of the Sardinian language was the tradition poetic and the station poetiche where the improvisation and the liveliness of the singers attracted crowd.

The first literary text seems to be that of Antonio Cano on local martyrs, at the 15th century, in standardized an enough language (but which will be surbedded one century after, because undoubtedly of the competition of the Catalan and of the Castillan):

“Tando known rey barbaru known duck renegadu
of custa resposta multu restayt iradu
& resulting martiriu fetit apparigiare
itu known quale fesit fortemente ligare
S.O.S sanctos martires cum bonas catenas
which Li segaant S.O.S ossos cum hopper veined
& totu hopper edges cum petenes of linu. ”

The Sardinian, like the other dialects not Sardinians of the area of Sassari or the Gallura, or like the Catalan or the génois tabarquin, from now on is protected by the regional Loi n° 26 from the October 15th 1997 which recognizes the statute of protected regional language to him and which is coming into effect on January 1st 1998 (entitled: Promozione E valorizzazione beyond will cultura E beyond lingua della Sardegna ). The Sardinian is used in the bilingual road signs of certain municipalities.

Bonds

Internal bonds

Linguistic

Dictionary of the languages

Languages by family

Indo-European Languages

Romance languages

External bonds

limbasarda proposes the study of the Sardinian language (in Sardinian)
ditzionariu multilingual dictionary of the Sardinian
mailing list for those which speak in Sardinian
Legge N. 482 - 15 Dicembre 1999, " In materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche" normalizes;
Legge regional N. 26, LED 15 ottobre 1997, " Promozione E valorizzazione beyond will cultura E beyond lingua della Sardegna"
Accademia campidanese di lingua sarda (in sardo campidanese)
Regione Autonoma della Sardegna to listen to Sardinian polyphonic songs placed at the disposal by the Sardinian Autonomous region

the current location of the Sardinian language

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