Sanhédrin

For the treaty talmudic Sanhédrin, click here

The Sanhédrin is the legislative assembly of the Jewish people like his supreme court which sits normally at Jerusalem. Its name is not Hebraic origin but drift of the Greek “sunedrion” which means assembled sitting. It is composed of sixty and eleven wise experts in Jewish Loi.

Functions

Sanhédrin is the traditional legislative assembly of the Jewish people which interpret and slice the Jewish Law starting from his written sources and oral. Its work of coding led to the drafting of the Mishna.

Sanhédrin is also the supreme court of which one of the vital functions is the promulgation of the calendar. It is also entitled to recognize a Prophète officially who can even identify the Messie to him.

Sanhédrin is equipped with a great political power since he exerts a statutory audit on the King like on the Large Priest in load of the activities of the Temple.

Organization

Sanhédrin was composed of sixty and eleven wise which was co-opted by imposition of the Smikha . Its composition was the object of a wild fight between the doctors Pharisiens and the caste of the Sadducéens at the time of the Second Temple. The final victory of the first after the destruction of the Temple ensured the rabbinical authority on the Judaïsme so far.

Sanhédrin is placed under the authority of sound President which directs the legislative debates. Its assistant directs the lawsuits and is called AV Beth DIN . These two stations are traditionally entrusted to the two greater legal authorities of the moment.

History

The Jewish tradition makes go up the existence of Sanhédrin at the time of Moïse. In Exodus 24, Moïse goes up to the Sinai accompanied by Aaron, of two wire of this one and seventy old to receive the Law. Later, it imposes the hands to them so that they receive the healthy spirit and legislate at its sides. Sanhédrin would have to continue to exist during the time of the Judges and the first Temple. The biblical sources are however quiet on this subject.

After the destruction of the first Temple, Sanhédrin would have been exiled with Babylon. After the return of exiled, it would have been recreated by Esdras. Its political authority is largely minimized by the Persian statute of protectorate to which the Judaea is subjected. After the revolt hasmonéenne and the recouvrance of political independence, the sanhédrin rest unable to prevent illegitimate Kings from controlling the country nor to name Large unacceptable Priests with the eyes of the Jewish Law. When he rebels, its wise is even pitilessly massacred. With the Roman occupation, Sanhédrin sees also its reduced judicial power since it cannot condemn any more to death. This prerogative is reserved to the Roman governor. Sanhédrin thus concentrates on the coding of the Jewish Law.

After the Great Revolt and the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in year 70, Sanhédrin is transferred for a time to Yavné. Talmud of Babylon (treated Rosh Hashana, 31a page) described ten displacements of Sanhédrin, in particular with Oucha, Shfaram, Beth Shéarim, Tsippori (Séphoris) and Tibériade. With the disappearance of the Temple of Jerusalem, Sanhédrin remains the only Jewish authority toléreé by Rome. Its president who east chooses among the descendants of Hillel the Old one becomes the representative of the Jews of the Empire.

After the death of Judah ha-Nassi, the editor of Mishna about year 219, Nassi loses its statute of spiritual leader to the profit of the leaders of the large academies of Babylonia. Lastly, the function of nassi is abolished into 429 by Théodose II with the dismissal of Gamaliel VI in order to facilitate the christianization of the country. Since, Sanhédrin does not exist any more.

Napoleon allotted this name at a rabbinical assembly convened in Paris, in the Midsummer's Day room, behind the Town hall, from February 9th to March 13rd, 1807 to accept its provisions taken for the administration of the Jews of the Empire. At the 17th century, a group of rabbis kabbalists of Spanish origin tried to recreate Sanhédrin while following the procedure established by Maïmonide. Because of the opposition of the rabbis hyérosalémites, this test was a failure. Since 2007, a group of rabbis religious Zionists joined by some hassidic authorities tries to rebuild Sanhédrin. Its temporary president the rabbi Adin Steinsaltz.

Christianity

Many references to Sanhédrin are present in the new Will. It is in particular in front of Sanhédrin that Jesus appears after his arrest by the guard of the Large Priest Caïphe. He then judged and is condemned to died by the Roman governor Pontius Pilate for sedition. Pierre, Jean, Etienne and Jacques, the brother of Jesus will also pass in their turn in front of the members of the learned assembly.

Known members

  • Hillel
  • Simon Ben Hillel (approximately 10-30)
  • Rabban Gamaliel Old (approximately 30-50) the
  • Rabban Simon Ben Gamaliel (approximately 50-70)
  • Rabbi Yohanan Ben Zaccaï (at the time of the head office of Jerusalem by Titus)
  • Rabban Gamaliel de Yavné (approximately 80-120)
  • Rabbi Akiva
  • Rabban Simon Ben Gamaliel II (approximately 140-180)
  • Judah ha-Nassi, “Rabbi” (approximately 180-220)
  • Rabban Gamaliel III (approximately 220-240)
  • Rabbi Judah Nessiah (approximately 240-270)
  • Rabban Gamaliel IV (approximately 270-300)
  • Rabbi Judah Nessiah II (approximately 300-330)
  • Hillel Nessiah (approximately 330-365)
  • Rabban Gamaliel V (environ365-380)
  • Rabbi Judah Nessiah III (approximately 380-400)
  • Rabban Gamaliel VI (approximately 400-415)

External bond

  • the site of new Sanhédrin

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