San Marino

The République sérénissime of San Marino ( Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino in Italian) is the third smaller European State after the the Vatican and Monaco (60,5 km ²) and the senior of the republics.

Wedged inside the Italy between the Emilie-Romagna and the Steps, the Republic counts approximately 29  000 inhabitants, of which 1  000 foreigners living in San Marino. There is 5  000 San Marino living abroad.

History

See also: History of San Marino

About the year 300, a modest stone mason named Marin would have left his native island of Rab, in Dalmatie, to settle in the town of Rimini as a mason. Before even as the large wave of persecution against the Christian launched by the emperor Dioclétien in 303 did not start, the Marin piles escaped and took refuge on the mount Titano, located in the vicinity. A growing number of persecuted joined it, and thus established on Titano a Christian community. The official date of birth of this community, today, is conventionally fixed at the September 3rd 301.

In 313, following the edict of tolerance of Constantin and at the end of persecutions, Marin was ordered Diacre by the bishop of Rimini. A Roman Patrician converted with the Catholicism, name of Gave Felicissima, in addition made him gift of the Titano mount, of which it held the property up to that point.

The final establishment of the community of San Marino is symbolized by the death of its founder to the Automne of the year 366, and especially by its last words: “ Relinquo your liberos ab utroque homine. ” (“ I leave you free other men ”).

About the year 1200, the continual increase in population had ended up making necessary a territorial expansion, and it was proceeded twice to the purchase of Château X close and their dependences. Little time before, San Marino had become a city-republic with whole share, equipped with its clean legal code. Oldest of the codes having been able to be preserved date of the year 1295. During three centuries following, the laws saint-marinoises constantly were specified and updated in new versions: the sixth and last code, published the September 21st 1600, consists of step less than six volumes and 314 headings, which testifies to the degree of sophistication reached by the company.

As of this time, the republic counted for its protection on a Armée perfectly formed and organized, in which any old man from 14 to 60 years was likely to be useful in the event of conflict. Starting from 1243, the habit was taken to elect two captain-regents with the head of the city for a six months mandate, a practice still of use today.

Second half of the 13th century was one difficult period for the city. The republic of Rimini, obedience Guelfe and then under the domination of the Malatesta family, tried to take the control of San Marino: only an alliance contracted with the gibelin count d' Urbin Guy I {{er}} of Montefeltro then his/her son Frederic I {{er}} made it possible to thwart this project, at the end of several years of combat which were completed only in 1299. This victory did not put however a term at the attempts at annexation aiming at the city. As of 1291, an ecclesiastic named Teodorico tried to subject Saint-Marinois to the pope and to the tax: a long legal argument followed, and was solved by a famous man of right and scholar originating in Rimini, Palamede, which sliced in favor of San Marino. Hardly five years later, in 1296, it was the Feretrani family which tried to assert this territory, but without success: a new judgment of Palamede, official statement in addition to the pope Boniface VIII, establishes clearly this time the Souveraineté full and whole of Saint-Marinois.

The secular conflict opposing the small republic to the family Malatesta finished in 1463 by the victory of San Marino, at the conclusion which the pope Pie II allotted to the Republic the three seigniories of Fiorentino, Montegiardino and Serravalle. The following year, the seigniory close to Faetano was voluntary to integrate in its turn the community saint-marinoise: this episode constitutes at the same time the last war and the last territorial expansion of San Marino. César Borgia, celebrates it Duc Valentinois and wire of the pope Alexandre VI, invaded certainly San Marino in 1503 to impose its authoritative domination on it. Nevertheless this occupation was of short duration: the army of Borgia was destroyed at the time of a revolt of the duchy of Urbin, in which took part some Saint-Marinois besides.

A new invasion of the territory was the occasion of ressusciter the national pride of Saint-Marinois: the October 17th 1739, the cardinal Giulio Alberoni, Legate of the Pope in Romagna, attacked the Republic. Alberoni acted thus for its own account and not by order of the pope, and it is quite naturally towards the latter that San Marino turned itself. Clément XII sent the cardinal Enrico Enriquez to give an account of the situation to him. On the basis of indication provided by this last, the pope enjoignit immediately with the Alberoni cardinal to release San Marino: the February 5th 1740, less than six months after the invasion, the Republic found its freedom thus.

When starting from 1796, Napoleon Bonaparte ensured his domination through all the Italy by melting several State-satellites there (Roman République with Rome, République parthénopéenne with Naples, etc), San Marino hastened to conclude from the commercial agreements with these new political entities, thus expressing its alliance with Bonaparte.

It is often reported that Bonaparte, during the countryside of Italy, would have given the order to its troops to stop at the borders of San Marino and not to cross them - the future emperor was, according to several testimonys, a large admiror of this small State which had never made act of tender to whoever. As a homage, and with the magnanimity of the winner, he wanted to even offer to San Marino two guns, several carriages of Céréale S and especially a territorial expansion to the sea. Wisdom and legendary reserve of Saint-Marinois were not lacking on this occasion to them: the prospect to extend their territory and to impose themselves on the eyes of the other nations was politely declined. The community was indeed aware that it would have been thereafter impossible to them to live in peace with their neighbors. Only the food carriages, less compromising, found thanks to their eyes…

For all the period known as of the Risorgimento , during which the revolutionary movements multiplied in Italy, San Marino was used as ground of asylum with the many ones exiled. Following the repression of the revolutions of 1848/49, celebrates it Giuseppe Garibaldi found for example refuge there, before receiving in 1861 the citizenship saint-marinoise.

As of the March 22nd 1862, an ambitious treaty of friendship and co-operation was concluded between San Marino and the new kingdom from Italy, the two States there being considered on an equal footing. Convention was renewed the March 27th 1872.

Following the accession with the capacity on April 1st 1923 of the two first captain-regents of fascistic ideology , the fascistic party saint-marinois ( Partito Fascista Sammarinese ) gained the absolute majority of the seats at the time of the elections of the April 4th. Thereafter, and in spite of its collaboration posted with the dictator Benito Mussolini, the Republic does not provide any soldier to the Armée Italy. In addition, the traditional neutrality of the small State led the fascistic government of San Marino not to begin officially in the Second world war. The July 28th 1943 saw finally the dissolution of the fascistic party saint-marinois, three days after the inversion of Mussolini. The small State accommodated thereafter close to 100  000 refugees fleeing the engagements more in the south.

After having driven out the German troops of the area, the the United States settled in San Marino on a purely provisional basis until in November 1944, in particular to help with the repatriation of the many refugees who were there.

An often forgotten element holds so that the Republic, of 1947 with 1957 and again of 1978 with 1986, was directed by a government Marxist-Leninist. At the end of the Years 1980, the Communist party knew a softening of its ideological line and renamed Parti progressive-democrat . Since then, it jointly directs the country with the dominant party of the Christian Democrats.

San Marino became in 1988 a member of the the Council of Europe and adhered in 1992 to the United Nations.

Policy

See also: Political of San Marino

Independent state. It is one of the oldest republics of the world after the Iceland, and it is in any case the oldest republic of the world having continuously existed since its creation. Its constitution, which goes back to 1600, is the oldest constitution still into force nowadays.

The Legislative power returns to the Consiglio Grande E Generale (the Large Council and General), whose sixty members are elected by the citizens every five years. The Council approves the budget of the State and names the captain-regents. The latter are the Heads of the State and direct the Congresso di Stato : they remain six months in function and are named solemnly twice a year, on April 1st and on October 1st.

The Congresso di Stato (Congress of State), directed by the captain-regents, holds the Executive power. It is composed of ten Secretaries of State ( Segretari di Stato ). The “Council of the Twelve” ( Consiglio dei XII ) is elected by the Consiglio Grande E Generale for all the duration of the legislature. It constitutes the top of the administrative jurisdiction and more the legal high authority of the Republic.

The Arengo was formerly a medieval institution gathering all the household heads. Its prerogatives for summer have transferred to the Consiglio Grande E Generale . One indicates from now on under the name of Arengo the whole of San Marino having the right to vote. The citizens are convened twice a year with the Council, Sunday following the entry according to the captain-regents, and can thus submit questions of public interest to their representatives.

The Republic of San Marino currently maintains the diplomatic relations and consular with more than seventy countries, inside as outside the continent of Europe. The diplomatic representations of the country abroad generally have row of consulates or consulate-generals, such as for example the consulate-general of Francfort-sur-le-Main.

San Marino is member many international organizations, of which the United Nations, UNESCO, the the Council of Europe, the Fonds international currency, the the World Health Organization or the the International Court of Justice. The Republic also maintains the official relations with the European Union and takes part in work of SOEC.

Subdivisions

See also: Castelli of San Marino

The territory of San Marino is divided into new castelli (common) taking again the old delimitations of the seigniories. Each castello has a municipal council elected by the inhabitants, the Giunta , whose presidency is taken by a “captain” ( Capitano ) elected every five years.

Geography

The Republic of San Marino (43° 56' 06'' NR, 12° 26' 56'' E) is located at the Eastern point of the solid mass Montagne ux of the the Apennines. The country is frontier of two areas Italy: the Emilie-Romagna in the North-East, and the Steps in south-west.

The San Marino territory, of the form of a Quadrilateral at the irregular sides, is essentially very broken. Its surface is of 60,57  km ², i.e. lower than many European medium-sized cities. The twelve kilometers separating the ends north and south from the country are dominated by the imposing mass Calcaire of the mount Titano (rock of Titan), which culminates with 739  meters. The town of San Marino is located besides at the foot of its south-western slope.

Two principal rivers take their source in San Marino: Ausa and Fiumicello. The two other rivers, San Marino and Marano, do nothing but cross the country.

San Marino is subjected to a Climat of the Mediterranean type, which tends nevertheless to soften compared to the coast because of altitude. In be, the Température S vary from 20 with 30  °C, and in Winter of -2 with 10  °C. The particularly hot summer seasons can nevertheless lead the Thermomètre until 35  °C, and it sometimes happens in winter to pass under the bar of the -5  °C, in which case the Titano mount can cover Neige. The precipitations tend to be distributed in a harmonious way throughout the year, to reach a mean level of 550  mm per annum.

The steep slopes of the Titano mount, just like the other escarpés landscapes of San Marino, are covered with a vegetation rather dense, typical of the Mediterranean ecosystem . One as well finds there Forêt S with leafy gasolines, filled of maple S and Chêne S, that extents of Conifère S, in particular many pines. In the broussailleuses zones and buissonnières of the maquis dominate the Laurier, the Myrte, the Lavande, the strawberry plants and the olive-trees.

The fauna of the area is composed especially of species having known to adapt or even benefit from the human presence, and which one can consequently observe near the dwellings: it is in particular the case of the Renard, of the Lièvre, the Hérisson and the Martre. Other animals, like the Roe-deer or the Weasel, elected residence in the forest extents, which offer a good protection. The species of Oiseau X are also varied: Faucon S nest for example on the rocks most abrupt or at the top of the Arbre S. Among the songbirds, one counts inter alia the Rossignol, the Loriot, the goldfinch, the Serin and the mélodieuse Linotte.

Economy

See also: Saving in San Marino

San Marino does not have any natural resource: its territory is thus mainly turned towards the Agriculture and the Sylviculture, two however declining fields because of the increase in population. One cultivates in particular the Céréale S, the vine, the Olive S and the Fruit S. the breeding concentrates essentially on the Bœuf S and the Cochon S.

Until the Years 1960, Saint-Marinois lived mainly of agriculture, the breeding and the exploitation of some stone quarries. Since, the activities of the small country diversified with the rise of the Artisanat, the Commerce and even of the Industrie, all these fields having been supported by the explosion of the Tourisme. Among the local products, one counts objects in Céramique, pieces of furniture, confectioneries, liquors, painting and varnish, or of the textile products in Soie.

San Marino exports especially Vin and Laine, products artisanal and stamps. The sale of stamps saint-marinois to impassioned Philatélie throughout the world ensures indeed 10% of national GDP. The other great source of profit, tourism, represents directly or indirectly more than 60% of the public revenues: no tax or almost is required inhabitants. The Importation S, as for them, consist mainly of manufactured goods and goods of great consumption. But San Marino must also get Or in significant amount for its many goldsmiths and jewellers.

The annual income average Net rises with 12  125  Euros (2005). 52% of the active population work in the service sector, 41% in the secondary industry and 7% in the Agriculture. The Inflation remains moderate, to 2,6%.

To the coming into effect of the economic Union and monetarist, the currency of the country was the Lire Italy. In 1972, and after an interruption of 34  years, San Marino had started again to strike its own coins (the liras saint-marinoises ), which could be used Italian lira indifferently and had the same value. Some gold coins were also struck a little later, but had legal tender only on the territory of the Republic. Since January 1st 2002, following an agreement with the European Union, San Marino uses officially the Euro like new currency, and with the authorization to strike its own coins with a national face, just like the other Member States of the Euro area.

Company

Language

See also: Italian, Italian Language

The official language of San Marino is the Italian . Because of strong tourist multitude in the area, almost each inhabitant can be however expressed usually in another language, generally in English, German or French.

The romagnol, a Dialect of the north-Italian, is moreover rather widespread in San Marino, in particular at the oldest people.

Religion

92,3% of the population are of confession catholic, and only 3% of the inhabitants are declared without Religion. This prevalence of the Catholic church finds in the architectural landscape of the Republic, which counts several churches or monumental Cathédrale S.

Demography

See also: Demography of San Marino

The population saint-marinaise rose with the December 31st 2002 with 28  753 inhabitants. It is composed to 83,1% of San Marino of stock and 12% of Italy NS. More 13  000 natives of San Marino live in addition abroad. The country, because of its reduced size, has strong a Population density, about 475 inhabitants per km ². The Birth rate reached 10,3  ‰ while the Death rate is only of 8  ‰, with the result that the population always knows a Natural increase positive.

The capital, San Marino, count only 4  483 inhabitants: the population concentrates indeed more in both '' castelli '' of Serravalle, with 9  265 inhabitants, and of Borgo Maggiore, with 5  916 inhabitants. Follow, after the capital, Domagnano (2  651 hab.), Fiorentino (2  031 hab.), Acquaviva (1  602 hab.) and Faetano (1  050 hab.). The others castelli are rural villages of less than one thousand of occupants: it is the case of Chiesanuova (969 hab.) and of tiny the Montegiardino (786 hab.).

Culture

See also: Culture of San Marino

The celebration of the national festival, the September 3rd (in reference to the September 3rd 301) is punctuated popular and folk festivities.

The nomination of the captain-regents every six months, in the same way, is the occasion of a great ceremony. For this reason, the Guard of the Large General advice ( Guardia del Consiglio Large E General ) plays a determining role: founded following the victory gained against the cardinal Alberoni in 1740, this body of guard made up voluntary citizens always uses its historical uniforms and remains entitled to ensure the protection of the captain-regents and the Consiglio . The guards, in.liaison.with the principal temporal and spiritual personalities of San Marino, thus organize the festivities related to the entry according to the two new heads of the executive .

San Marino has small a Université, the Università degli Studi di San Marino . It includes/understands in particular the international Center of studies Sémiotique S and cognitive , rested by the author Italy N Umberto Eco in 1998, which taught at this university until in 1995. Before the appearance of this establishment, San Marino already had an institute private and supported by the government, the international Académie of sciences ( Accademia Internazionale delle Scienze , or “BOARD San Marino”), of which one of the official languages is Esperanto. The latter nevertheless transferred the majority from its activities abroad.

The town of San Marino account many Musée S. the palate Pergami Belluzzi shelters the national museum thus ( Museo di Stato ) and its thousands of parts recalling the Histoire of San Marino: discovered archaeological, historical documents, coins and fabrics of painting. The building called “Second round”, as for him, contains a museum of the “ancient weapons” ( Museo delle Armi Antiche ) proposing to the visitor more 1  500 parts covering mainly the period going of the XV {{E}} at the 17th century.

Sport

Formulate 1

The Grand Prix of San Marino does not have place on the territory of the small country but 100 km more in the North-West, with Imola. This circumstance is due to a succession of opportunities going back to the beginning of the Années 1980.

In 1980, the Grand Prix of Italy of Monza had been transferred to Imola. Following many protests, this decision was cancelled as of the following year. So however not having to give up the circuit of Imola, located in the middle of the universe Ferrari, the Grand Prix of San Marino was born in 1981, and continued to be organized until in 2006.

Football

See also: Championship of San Marino of football

In spite of its very reduced population, the country has its clean championship of Football, whose methods are managed by the national federation ( Federazione Sammarinese Giuoco Calcio , or FSGC). The latter, founded in 1931, gathers fifteen teams, which clash first of all within two groups of seven or eight teams. The three best teams of each group play then for the cut.

The San Marino Calcio takes part however in the championship of Italy of Série C1 (the third Italian division).

San Marino account a national team of football since 1986. The national team knew in all 67 defeats, and has for the moment gained the victory only once: the April 29th 2004, under the supervision of the trainer Gianpaolo Mazza, San Marino overcame the Liechtenstein 1 to 0 at the time of a friendly match.

Transport

There was a Railroad with Narrow gauge railway, of Rimini to San Marino, closed in the Années 1960.

Others

San Marino has as codes:

See too

External bonds

Beats-smg: San Sailors Be-X-old: Сан-Марына Simple: San Marino Zh-min-nan: San Marino

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