The school Sakyapa or Sakya (tib: its skya) is one of the four contemporary lines of the Bouddhisme Tibetan. It was founded at the eleventh century by Sachen Kunga Nyingpo, disciple of the Indian yoghi Virupa. It is one of the three currents sarmapa (Kagyupa, sakyapa, Gelugpa) resulting from a new wave of translations of Sanskrit in Tibetan come to compete with old Buddhism Nyingmapa.
The current draws its name, “ground pale”, of the aspect of the hills of Ponpori close to Shigatse in the central Tibet (Tsang) where Khön Konchog Gyalpo (1034-1102) founded in 1073 the monastery of Sakya, cradle of the tradition. The current sakya preserved the principle of the hereditary transmission: Sakya Trizin (trizi: holder of the throne), the hiérarque main thing of the current, is always downward of the Khön clan. Although the school quickly moved towards the monastic tradition, the chiefs of line are typically married yogis and fathers. Insofar as the chief of a large monastery made vow of celibacy, its succession is ensured by a nephew on the paternal side. The current line sakyapa includes/understands three principal branches (its ngor tsar gsum) directed each one by a monastery-mother:
- the monastery of Sakia founded in 1073
- the monastery of Ngor Ewam Tcheu Den founded in 1429
- the monastery of Phenyul Nalanda founded in 1435
History
The founders of the current are the Five patriarchs: Sachen Kunga Nyingpo (1092-1158), wire of Khön Konchog Gyalpo, disciple of Drokmi Lotsawa (992-1074) and founder of the Sakya monastery; Sonam Tsemo (1142-1182), second wire of the precedent; Drakpa Gyaltsen (1147-1216), third wire; Sakya Pandita (1182-1251), nephew of the precedent; Chogyal Phagpa (1235-1280), nephew of Sakya Pandita.They result from the Khön clan which was born of an ancestor descended from the “Field of the clear skies” Rupadhatu. The family held the station of viceroy of Tsang (Tibet central) at the time where Padmasambhava came to spread Buddhism. Khön is the contraction of khon gyi dung , “clan of the conquerors”, name which they would have acquired thanks to their victory over the demons rashkas representing ignorance.
Reputation of Sakya Pandita, large scholar, been worth to him to be invited in 1244 by the Mongolian prince Köden. Kubilai Khan invited in its turn in 1253 Drogön Chögyal Phagpa at its court and asked him to invent a writing (writing phagpa) to replace the Chinese characters. It invests it in 1264 administrative supremacy on the three provinces of the Tibet, by making the first religious leader hold the station of viceroy of the worldwide. Spangled sakya preserved this position until the middle of the 14th century in spite of a revolt of the kagyupas Drikung towards 1290. This last event showed the fire of the monastery of Drikung by Sakyapas. That marked an important page of the history of Tibet, but more still for the history of the world, because that marked the rupture between the empires the Buddhist empires of China de Khubhilai Khan, the guard of Sakyapas, with the East, and those of Chagatai in the center and those these Ilkhans in Persia which were the guards of Drikungs. The vast Persian empire of Mongolian thus lost his Buddhist potential by the ascending one of the weapons of Khubhilai, but so spiritual, with the fall of Drikung under the Sakyapas blows of the interior in Tibet. These events are generally occulted or omitted in the stories, whereas the great international impact are however major, as for the spiritual direction taken by areas as vast as the empires of the children and small children of Genghis Khan in the world who formed the greatest empire that the world did not know nor will never know. This is explained by the terror of Mongolian in whom lived their managed during centuries and which preferred not to evoke these events of fear of reviving the old conflicts. An excellent chronology of these events which, it, mentions them, can be seen here.
At the end of the 13th century, Tishri Kunglo (1299-1327), elder of the fifteen great nephews of Sakya Pandita, instituted four palates (phodrang) or underlined: Zhithog, Rinchen Gang, Lhakhang and Ducho; only the two last survived. At the 15th century, Ducho was divided itself into two branches, Dolma and Phuntsok. The title of Sakya Trizin is held in alternation by the patriarchs of these two lines.
In addition, two undercurrents were detached from the sakya unit:
- Ngor, founded by Ngorchen Kunga Zangpo (1382-1457), illustrated by Könchok Lhundrup, Thartse Namkha Pelsang and Drubkhang Pelden Dhondup. This current, which puts the emphase on the monastic tradition and the discipline, is directed in turn by the Houses Phende, Thartse, Khangsar and Luding. Phendé Rinpoché, chief of the Phende House, is established in France. This school accounts for 85% of the Sakyapa school, and currently in India the Sakyapas monasteries all are, almost, Ngorpas. Thus, one of the only monasteries Sakyapas non-Ngorpa, is that of Sakya Trizin.
- Tsar, founded by Tsarchen Losal Gyamtso (1496 - 1560), “whispered” tradition based on the teaching of the Thirteen gold texts, of the esoteric tradition of large and small Mahakala, of Vajrayogini and Jambhala.
At the 19th century, a large Master and Tertön sakya, Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, was one of the founders of the not-sectarian movement Rimé aiming at joining together all the traditions of the Bouddhisme Tibetan. The two other founders were Jamgon Kongtrul Lodrö Taye (Kagyupa) and Chogyur Lingpa (Nyingmapa).
The Sakya Trizin current is the patriarch of the palate of Dolma, Ngawang Kunga Palbar Samphel Wanggi Gyalpo. Born in Tsedong in 1945, it is the 41e line, considered as an emanation of Manjushri and Padmasambhava. Young person, he was fellow student of Sogyal Rinpoché, LAMA nyingmapa founder of the Rigpa center. He resides at Dehradun (India) and Rajpur. He married in 1974 Dakmo Tashi Lhakyi, girl of a noble family of Dege (area of the Eastern Tibet, the Kham) and has two wire, Ratna Vajra Rinpoche (N. 1974) and Jnana Vajra Rinpoche (N. 1979). Dagchen Rinpoche (N. 1929), founder of Sakya Thegchen Choling (the USA), is the patriarch of the Phuntsok branch.
At the time of the exile, after the invasion of Tibet by the Chinese, the large Masters left with the most people possible towards India. Thus, S.E. Phendé Khenchen, the chief of the Ngorpa school, met by hazard Sakya Trizin on the way of the escape through the Himalayas.
Currently, the large Masters all are in exile, which makes Buddhism very difficult to practice in Tibet.
Teaching
Sachen, first patriarch, inherited many translations of Sanskrit made by the lotsawas (translators) which had gone to India, particularly Drokmi Lotsawa (992-1074), Bari Lotsawa and Mal Lotsawa. Drokmi, disciple of Gayadhara (994-1043), agent of the teaching of the mahasiddha Virupa (9th century), brought back of India the Kalachakra and the Lamdre (way including its fruit) based on the Hevajra Tantra . Khon Könchok Gyelpo was its disciple. Bari Lotsawa introduced in Tibet of many tantric practices, of which A hundred and thousand sadhanas . In Mal Lotsawa one owes the tradition Naro Khachoma of Vajrayogini. The cycles of Vajrakilaya, Mahakala and Guhyasamaja penetrated also at that time.Lamdre
Lamdre (Lam- 'arm), “Way including its fruit”, is a teaching including/understanding of the elements exoteric and esoteric and based on the principle of the not-duality nirvana/will samsara, which aims at bringing the practitioner in the state of Hevajra. It would have been transmitted by the Virupa Masters, Avadhuti, Gayadhara and Shakyamitra, disciple of Nagarjuna. At the time of Muchen Sempa Chenpo Könchok Gyeltsen, disciple of Ngorchen Kunga Zangpo (1382-1457), two types of teaching appeared, corresponding to two categories of public, disciples advanced (sLob-bshad) and public general (Tshog-bshad).Eminent Masters
Among the large Masters of teaching sakya, one can quote the fourth patriarch Sakya Pandita and the Six ornaments of Tibet: Yaktuk Sangyey Stake and Rongton Mawe Sengey, specialists in the Sutra S; Ngorchen Kunga Zangpo and Zongpa Kunga Namgyel, specialists in the Tantra S; Goram Sonam Senge and Shakya Chogden, specialists in will sutras and tantras.Gorampa Sonam Senge, in particular, introduced the study of logic. Its texts have an important place in the centers of studies of the monasteries sakya, as well as the two principal works of Sakya pandita, Discrimination of the three wishes (sDom-gsum rab-dbye) and Trésor of logic (Tsod-my rigs-gter) Many Masters of the other currents received additional lesson tantric of spangled sakya. The principal tantric practices are will tantras them of Hevajra, Chakrasambhara (Heruka) and of Mahakala.
Like the majority of the patriarchs of Buddhism Tibetan, hiérarques the sakya is Tulku S and emanations of deities, particularly Manjusri (wisdom), Avalokiteshvara (compassion) and Vajrapani (power), whose three colors decorate the walls of the monastery of Sakya.
Monasteries
Apart from the three monastery-mothers, the principal sakyapa establishments in Tibet are: Phenpo Nalanda (Phenpo) founded by Rongton Sheja Kunrig, Tsedong Sisum Namgyel, foundé by Namkha Tashi Gyeltsen, Dhöndup Ling, founded by Dagchen Sherab Gyeltsen, Lhundup Teng (Dege), founded by Thangtong Gyalpo, Dzongsar, seat of Dzongsar Khyentse Rinpoche, Deur Chode, founded by Chödrak Sangpo (Amdo).The first monastery founded in exile by current the Sakya Trizin was Tsechen Tenpai Gatsal in Rajpur (1964), Uttar Pradesh. Others followed: Ngor E-Vam Shedrup Dhargye Ling (Bir, Himachal Pradesh), Tsechen Dhongag Chöling (Mundgod, Karnataka), Ngor E-Vam Chöden (Dehradun, Uttar Pradesh) and Tashi Rabten Ling (Lumbini, Nepal)
See too
- Buddhism Tibetan
- Nyingmapa
- Kagyupa
- Gelugpa
- Bön
External bonds
- Sakya Thukje Ling
- Sakya Ngor
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